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NU343.01 Pathophysiology > Exam 3 Mobility > Flashcards

Exam 3 Mobility Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones of bone formation.

A

parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
vitamin D

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2
Q

hormones of bone formation also regulate what?

A

Ca+ levels in the blood

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3
Q

tendons And ligaments are composed of what?

A

collagen fibers arranged in the same direction

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4
Q

another name for articulations?

A

joints

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5
Q

nerves of the joints also supply what?

A

the muscles that move the joints

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6
Q

describe location of joint pain

A

referred or radiating

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7
Q

what are the stages of bone healing?

A

there are 4:
hematoma
inflammatory
reparative
remodeling

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8
Q

describe hematoma stage of bone healing

A

blood clots form within 5 days

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9
Q

describe the inflammatory stage of bone healing

A

new blood vessels (starts after 1 week)

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10
Q

describe reparative stage of bone healing

A

callus formation, bridges gaps between bone (during months 1-3)

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11
Q

describe the remodeling stage of bone healing

A

bone reconstruction (>3 months)

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11
Q

describe stress fracture

A

bone injury that occurs over time

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12
Q

describe pathologic fractures

A

bone injury secondary to disease (such as with osteoporosis)

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13
Q

describe the locations of bone injuries

A

there are three:
proximal, midshaft, distal

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14
Q

describe open bone fracture

A

comes through the skin (open wound)

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15
Q

what pattern of fracture is common in children?

A

green stick

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16
Q

symptoms of fractures

A
  • pain/trouble bearing weight
  • swelling
  • abnormal mobility / loss of function
  • deformity of affected part
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17
Q

what complications of fractures can cause limb loss?

A

pressure from swelling and hemorrhage

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18
Q

what complication do fracture blisters indicate?

A

increased pressure inside / compartment syndrome

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19
Q

hallmark symptom of compartment syndrome

A

severe pain out of proportion to physical findings

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20
Q

describe loss of skeletal conntinuity

A

disconnected bone (it never healed)

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21
Q

list emboli complications of fractures

A

fat emboli
thrombotic emboli

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22
Q

how to assess for compartment syndrome?

A

check for:
* missing pulse
* fingers turn white
* cannot feel touch

(ALERT DOCTOR, MIGHT GO RIGHT TO OR)

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23
Q

medication that can delay bone healing

A

steroids

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24
Q

high serum level of this can delay bone healing (hint: related to diabetes mellitus)

A

blood glucose

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25
Q

locations of thromboemboli complications of bone fractures

A

lungs and legs

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26
Q

describe fat embolism syndrome

A

hypoxia
neurologic abnormalities
petechial rash
doesn’t blanch

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27
Q

describe symptoms of fat emboli and the location of the complication

A

drowsy/confusion = brain
dyspnea/SOB = lungs

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28
Q

describe time frame of fat embolism syndrome

A

12-72 hours after injury/surgery (up to 3 days to see symptoms)

29
Q

describe origins of bone infections

A

open wounds
blood stream/sepsis

30
Q

describe osteomyelitis

A

inflammation or infection of bone

31
Q

describe hematogenous osteomyelitis

A

originates with infectious organisms that reach bone through the blood stream

32
Q

describe symptoms of hematogenous osteomyelitis

A

vague symptoms of systemic infection
* chills
* fever
* bacteremia

33
Q

describe contiguous spread osteomyelitis

A
  • direct inoculation from an exogenous source
  • from adjacent extraskeletal site (aka: secondary to a contiguous focus of infection)
34
Q

describe symptoms of contiguous spread osteomyelitis

A
  • persistent fever
  • increased pain at site of trauma/surgery
  • poor wound healing
35
Q

which is the most common osteomyelitis?

A

contiguous spread

36
Q

what are the causes of osteonecrosis?

A

there are four:
* mechanical disruption of blood vessels (such as with chemo, radiation)
* thrombosis/emboli
* vessel injury
* increased intraosseous pressure

37
Q

describe symptoms of osteonecrosis

A

first seen as pain with activity, progresses to pain even at rest

38
Q

what are neoplasms?

A

“new growth” different from surroundings, aka: tumors

39
Q

symptoms of bone tumors

A

pain, lump/mass, impaired function

40
Q

list the types of malignant bone neoplasms

A

there are three:
* osteosarcoma
* Ewing sarcoma
* chondrosarcoma

41
Q

which malignant bone neoplasm is highly malignant and likely to metastasize?

A

osteosarcoma

42
Q

which malignant bone neoplasm is common in children/adolescents?

A

osteosarcoma

43
Q

which malignant bone neoplasm likely is the primary bone tumor?

A

osteosarcoma

44
Q

describe PNET - peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A

group of underdeveloped brain neurons cause bone tumor to develop

45
Q

which malignant bone neoplasm is a PNET?

A

Ewing sarcoma

46
Q

what is the typical age range for a Ewing sarcoma?

A

often under 20 years old

47
Q

which type of malignant bone neoplasm occurs in the cartilage?

A

chondrosarcoma

48
Q

which malignant bone neoplasm is common in adults?

A

chondrosarcoma

49
Q

which is the second most common primary bone tumor?

A

chondrosarcoma

50
Q

what diagnostic is required for malignant bone tumor diagnosis even though it may show up on a scan?

A

bone biopsy is required for diagnosis

51
Q

goals for metastatic bone disease

A
  • prevent pathologic fractures
  • promote maximum function
  • pain control
52
Q

describe osteopenia

A

any reduction in bone mass (greater than expected)

53
Q

causes of osteopenia

A

decreased bone formation
inadequate mineralization

54
Q

describe deossification

A

inadequate bone mineralization

55
Q

describe the pattern of bone growth

A

bone grows from the ends

56
Q

describe osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass with increased bone fragility (also increased spongey bone)

57
Q

lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosis

A

sedentary
calcium deficient
excessive alcohol, caffeine
smoking
drugs

58
Q

educate patients to do these things to reduce risk of osteopenia

A

ambulate, increase calcium intake

59
Q

list some disorders that soften bones

A

osteomalacia, rickets

60
Q

describe osteomalacia

A

inadequate mineralization of bone resulting from calcium or phosphate deficiency

61
Q

describe rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency (in adequate calcium absorption, impaired mineralization of bone in children)

62
Q

describe symptoms of osteomalacia

A

bone pain, bone tenderness, fractures

63
Q

symptoms of rickets

A

bone deformity,
lumbar lordosis (inward curvature),
bowing of the legs

64
Q

pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

autoimmune disorder, attacks joints

65
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis is associated with what manifestations?

A

extra-articular and articular manifestations

66
Q

describe the insidious onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

RA is invisible for a long time because it first presents with vague systemic manifestations

67
Q

describe the periods of symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by periods of exacerbations and remissions

68
Q

describe the exacerbations of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

may only involve a few joints of brief duration
or it may become relentless, progressive, and debilitating

69
Q
A

NU343.01 Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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