Exam 3 Fluids

Question 1

fluids account for how much of total body weight?

Answer 1

60% of body weight is fluids

Question 2

intracellular fluids accounts for how much of the body’s total fluids

Answer 2

two thirds of the body’s fluids

Question 3

intracellular water accounts for how much of the body’s total weight?

Answer 3

40% of the body’s weight is from fluids inside cells

Question 4

what are the different parts of extracellular fluids?

Answer 4

interstitial fluids,
plasma fluids,
transcellular fluids

Question 5

extracellular water accounts for how much of total body weight?

Answer 5

20% of total body weight

Question 6

describe third spacing

Answer 6

fluid compartments outside of tissues or between organs

Question 7

describe how third spaces interact with fluid balance in the body

Answer 7

they do not participate; third space fluids are unavailable for exchange between other extracellular compartments

Question 8

describe diffusion

Answer 8

passive movement of particles (through a gradient)

Question 9

describe osmosis

Answer 9

passive movement of water (through a gradient)

Question 10

what organ regulates fluid intake?

Answer 10

hypothalamus

Question 11

what sensor of the hypothalamus helps regulate thirst?

Answer 11

osmoreceptors

Question 12

describe isotonic

Answer 12

concentration is equal on both sides

Question 13

describe hypotonic

Answer 13

concentrated inside / lots of water outside

Question 14

describe the effects of hypotonic on cell shape

Answer 14

cell swells (as water moves inside)

Question 15

describe hypertonic

Answer 15

lots of water inside / concentrated outside

Question 16

describe effects of hypertonic on cell shape

Answer 16

cell shrivels (as water leaves cell)

Question 17

describe hypovolemia

Answer 17

deficit in fluid volume

Question 18

common reasons for hypovolemia

Answer 18

fluid loss, reduced fluid intake

Question 19

symptoms of hypovolemia

Answer 19

Thirst, dry mucus membranes, diminished skin tugor, decreased urine output, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure or altered level of consciousness

Question 20

describe dehydration

Answer 20

too little extracellular fluid
OR, too much sodium (hypertonic)

Question 21

key cause of dehydration

Answer 21

excessive watery diarrhea

Question 22

additional causes of dehydration

Answer 22

insensible losses such as sweat, respiration

Question 23

symptoms of dehydration

Answer 23

Thirst may be stimulated, and urinary output decreased. headaches, decreased reflexes, seizures, and coma

Question 24

describe hemorrhage

Answer 24

excessive bleeding (especially directly from damaged vessels)

Question 25

describe first result of hemorrage

Answer 25

excessive bleeding may result in hypovolemia

Question 26

describe lab values associated with hemorrhage

Answer 26

decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, increased BUN (when caught early)

Question 27

prolonged hypovolemia may cause what serious problems?

Answer 27

damage to other organ systems

Question 28

describe water intoxication

Answer 28

decreased sodium concentration (often due to too much water intake)

Question 29

identify causes of water intoxication

Answer 29

too much water intake, excessive loss of sodium (diuretics!)

Question 30

identify symptoms of water intoxication

Answer 30

Muscle weakness, cramps, and fatigue, and central nervous system involvement such as headache, confusion, and depression of deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)

Question 31

describe hypervolemia

Answer 31

expansion of extracellular volume (especially of the interstitial or vascular spaces)

Question 32

key cause of hypervolemia

Answer 32

heart failure

Question 33

describe cirrhosis

Answer 33

liver disease characterized by damage and impaired blood flow

Question 34

key part of liver damaged with cirrhosis

Answer 34

hepatocytes are damaged

Question 35

key cause of cirrhosis

Answer 35

alcohol exposure

Question 36

identify symptoms of cirrhosis

Answer 36

Moderate to severe abdominal discomfort, Increased abdominal girth, Increased weight, Severe sodium retention, Dilutional hyponatremia, Renal failure (oliguria and increase in serum creatinine)

Question 37

identify treatments for cirrhosis

Answer 37

Paracentesis, Diuretics, Intravenous albumin

Question 38

describe paracentesis

Answer 38

removal of fluid from a cavity by needle