Exam 3 Fluids Flashcards
fluids account for how much of total body weight?
60% of body weight is fluids
intracellular fluids accounts for how much of the body’s total fluids
two thirds of the body’s fluids
intracellular water accounts for how much of the body’s total weight?
40% of the body’s weight is from fluids inside cells
what are the different parts of extracellular fluids?
interstitial fluids,
plasma fluids,
transcellular fluids
extracellular water accounts for how much of total body weight?
20% of total body weight
describe third spacing
fluid compartments outside of tissues or between organs
describe how third spaces interact with fluid balance in the body
they do not participate; third space fluids are unavailable for exchange between other extracellular compartments
describe diffusion
passive movement of particles (through a gradient)
describe osmosis
passive movement of water (through a gradient)
what organ regulates fluid intake?
hypothalamus
what sensor of the hypothalamus helps regulate thirst?
osmoreceptors
describe isotonic
concentration is equal on both sides
describe hypotonic
concentrated inside / lots of water outside
describe the effects of hypotonic on cell shape
cell swells (as water moves inside)
describe hypertonic
lots of water inside / concentrated outside
describe effects of hypertonic on cell shape
cell shrivels (as water leaves cell)
describe hypovolemia
deficit in fluid volume
common reasons for hypovolemia
fluid loss, reduced fluid intake
symptoms of hypovolemia
Thirst, dry mucus membranes, diminished skin tugor, decreased urine output, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure or altered level of consciousness
describe dehydration
too little extracellular fluid
OR, too much sodium (hypertonic)
key cause of dehydration
excessive watery diarrhea
additional causes of dehydration
insensible losses such as sweat, respiration
symptoms of dehydration
Thirst may be stimulated, and urinary output decreased. headaches, decreased reflexes, seizures, and coma
describe hemorrhage
excessive bleeding (especially directly from damaged vessels)
describe first result of hemorrage
excessive bleeding may result in hypovolemia
describe lab values associated with hemorrhage
decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit,
increased BUN (when caught early)
prolonged hypovolemia may cause what serious problems?
damage to other organ systems
describe water intoxication
decreased sodium concentration (often due to too much water intake)
identify causes of water intoxication
too much water intake,
excessive loss of sodium (diuretics!)
identify symptoms of water intoxication
Muscle weakness, cramps, and fatigue, and central nervous system involvement such as headache, confusion, and depression of deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)
describe hypervolemia
expansion of extracellular volume (especially of the interstitial or vascular spaces)
key cause of hypervolemia
heart failure
describe cirrhosis
liver disease characterized by damage and impaired blood flow
key part of liver damaged with cirrhosis
hepatocytes are damaged
key cause of cirrhosis
alcohol exposure
identify symptoms of cirrhosis
Moderate to severe abdominal discomfort, Increased abdominal girth, Increased weight, Severe sodium retention, Dilutional hyponatremia, Renal failure (oliguria and increase in serum creatinine)
identify treatments for cirrhosis
Paracentesis,
Diuretics,
Intravenous albumin
describe paracentesis
removal of fluid from a cavity by needle
