Exam 3 Material Flashcards by Abigail Roark

Which of the following accurately describes the olfactory system:

Odorant molecules bind to receptors on the mitral cells in the olfactory bulb
, Not Selected

The olfactory epithelium is a part of the olfactory bulb
, Not Selected

Olfactory sensory neurons are arranged topographically in the epithelium, but its axons project randomly onto mitral cells
, Not Selected
Correct answer:

Olfactory sensory neurons synapse with mitral cells in the glomeruli within the olfactory bulb

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The total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus or viral infection or physical damage from an accident, is known as

Agnosia
, Not Selected

Parosmia
, Not Selected

Hyposmia
, Not Selected
Correct answer:

Anosmia

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Which of the following is FALSE regarding the olfactory transduction cascade

Golf activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase
, Not Selected

Adenylate cyclase raises intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP)
, Not Selected
Correct answer:

Activation of the olfactory receptor by an odorant results in a membrane hyperpolarization

Rising cAMP levels opens cAMP-gated ion channels that allow Na+ and Ca2+ to enter the cell
, Not Selected

Binding of a “preferred” odorant to olfactory receptor molecule activates the G-protein Golf

Activation of the olfactory receptor by an odorant results in a membrane hyperpolarization

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Activation of the olfactory receptor by an odorant results in a membrane hyperpolarization

Chemoreception

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the detection of chemicals using olfactory sensory cells

Olfaction

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sniffing in and perceiving odors
through our nostrils

Orthonasal olfaction

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exhaling odorant molecules into
our mouth, where they can travel up into our upper nasal cavity

Retronasal Olfaction

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Odorant

a molecule that can be smelled

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Olfactory Bulb

a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain
involved the sense of smell

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Glomeruli

Discrete spheres of nerve tissue; formed from
the axons of the olfactory sensory neurons and dendrites of
mitral cells

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Mitral Cells

Interneurons in the olfactory bulb, whose axons
pass information to other parts of the brain

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Volatile

a molecule that is
buoyant in air and can
be inhaled

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Turbinates

curled bony protrusions that create turbulence to
incoming air

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Olfactory Epithelium

mucus membrane in the roof of the nasal
cavity that houses the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)

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Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSNs)

a transduction cell within the
olfactory epithelium

small neurons in
the mucous layer of the olfactory epithelium that
contain the receptor sites for odorant molecules

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Olfactory Receptor Molecules

A large family of G-protein coupled
receptors that are expressed in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons and
bind to odorants

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Olfactory sensory neurons can be _______________ regularly throughout
adulthood

Replaced

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Olfactory Transduction Cascade

A series of events that starts with a
chemical (odorant) binding to the olfactory receptor molecule and ends
with a change in the membrane potential of an olfactory sensory neuron

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Each odorant activates only a _________ of olfactory sensory neurons

Subset

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Chemotopy

Orderly mapping between odorant structure and spatial
location of activated glomeruli

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Mitral Cells receive input
from just________

one glomerulus

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Granule Cell

most numerous type of neuron in the olfactory bulb and
interconnect mitral cells; do not have axons

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Reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapses

synapses between dendrites that are
arranged so that a synapse that transmits signals in one direction, lies adjacent to
a synapse going in the other direction

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Shutting down activity shortly after it has begun likely keeps
the system sensitive to ________________ odors

new or changing

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Lateral inhibition

The process by which nearby neurons inhibit each
other

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Anosmia

the total inability to smell, most often
resulting from sinus or viral infection or physical damage from an
accident

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If the bony plate scars over,
regenerated OSN axons cannot
________ to the olfactory bulbs

connect

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Hyposmia

significantly reduced sense of smell

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Parosmia

a distorted sense of smell

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Olfactory nerve

axons of the olfactory sensory neurons
bundle together to form the first cranial nerve

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OSN axons are among the ________ and the _________ in the
body

Thinnest; slowest

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Olfactory bulb

first relay for olfactory sensory neurons in the brain

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Axons of the mitral cells and other neuron types in each bulb
combine to form the _______________

Olfactory tract

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Olfactory cortex (piriform cortex)

a set of cortical areas that receives
highly divergent input from neurons in the olfactory bulb (involved in odor
discrimination)

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Limbic System

a group of neural structures that is involved in
many aspects of emotion and memory

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Connections from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex is that
they are ________________ and highly divergent

Non-topographic

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Epitope

a feature of an odorant to which an olfactory receptor
may bind selectively

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Each natural odor activates a variety of olfactory sensory neurons,
which activates a specific set of ______________

Glomeruli

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Humans have approximately 350-400 or so different functional
_________________ that code for a different olfactory
receptor

odorant receptor genes

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Olfactory receptor genes have about _____ “pseudogenes”

425

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The more copies of a receptor an individual has, the more
_____________ they will be to certain odorants

sensitive

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Genes associated with olfactory receptor expression
determines our ____________ to four other food relevant odors
(e.g. banana, beer, blue cheese, violets)

sensitivity

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Whether you have a pseudogene or a functional
gene for a given odor can alter _______________

Odor perception

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Most odorants stimulate the _______________ system to some
degree through free nerve endings within the nose

somatosensory

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These sensations are mediated by the
_______________(cranial nerve V)

trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

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Shape pattern theory

different scents activate different arrays
of olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium as a function of
odorant-shape to OR-shape fit

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Odorant molecules have different ___________ and an odorant
will be detected by a specific OR to the extent that the
odorant’s molecules fit into that OR

shapes

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Chemicals of specific shapes fit receptors with shapes that best
_________________ them

accommodate

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Different scents activate different __________ of olfactory receptors in
the olfactory epithelium, producing specific ______________ in the
olfactory bulb

arrays; glomerular activity

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Can be modulated according to the ___________________ of the
individual (e.g. hunger, past experience)

physiological state

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The granule cells receive ________________ projections from the
olfactory cortex

Descending

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Our ability to detect, remember and odor, and recall an odor
can be manipulated by ___________________

experience

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Each olfactory receptor is coded for by a ___________

specific gene

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Placticity

the quality of being easily shaped or molded

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______________ between neurons can and does change with
experience

Connections

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HEBB’S RULE

Neurons that fire together wire together

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Hebbian Long term plasticity

a strengthening of
connections between neurons that follow’s Hebb’s rule

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Simultaneously activation of a subset of olfactory cortex neurons will
tend to _____________ the connection between these neurons

strengthen

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Cell assemblies

weakly interconnected group of neurons that is
repeatedly co-activated will over time become strongly interconnected
(synaptic plasticity)

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After an odorant binds, olfactory receptors retreat into the cell body
and are no longer _______________ to respond to the bakery scent
molecules

Physically available

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Receptor adaptation

the biochemical phenomenon that occurs after
continual exposure to an odorant

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Cognitive haituation

after long term exposure to an odor
ne no longer has the ability to detect that odor or has
diminished detection capability

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Our ability to detect odorants declines with ___________

age

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By age 85, ~50% of the population has become __________

anosmic

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Alzheimer’s disease

a
neurodegenerative disease that is
associated with progressive dementia
and the loss of synapses (and
eventually neurons) in diverse brain
regions

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__________________ will show up as
a deficit in early stages of
Alzheimer’s

Identifying odors

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Parkinson’s

a neurodegenerative disease caused mainly by
nerve cell damage in the brain, which causes dopamine levels to
drop

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Nasal Cavity

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Olfactory Cleft

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Olfactory Epithelium

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Turbinates

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Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSNs)

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F (F=specific structures on E. that express the olfactory receptors)

Cilia

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Olfactory Epithelium

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Glomerulus

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Mitral Cells

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Olfactory Bulb

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K (where axons of I. project)

Olfactory Cortex

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Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction

Step 1: An odorant binds to a “preferred” __________________ molecule.

Odarebt

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Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction

Step 2: This binding activates the G-protein ____________.

G-olf

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Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction

Step 3: One of subunits of the g-protein disassociates and activate the enzyme
_________________.

Adenylate Cyclase

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Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction

Step 4: The activated enzyme raises intracellular levels of the second messenger
____________

cAMP

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Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction

Step 5: This increase in the second messenger above causes __________ -gated
channels to (circle one) open / close.

cAMP; open

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Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction

Step 6: _______ & _______ ions can enter the cell.

Na+; Ca2+

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Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction

Step 7: This change in ion flux due to an odorant binding results in a membrane (circle
one): depolarization / hyperpolarization of the olfactory sensory neuron.

Depolarization

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What best explains how and why we remember odors?

With repeated odor exposure, cortical neurons become “wired together”

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The shape-pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that

odorants’ shapes fit into the olfactory receptors’ shapes

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What is a major difference between olfactory projections vs. visual or somatosensory projections?

Projections to the olfactory cortex are non-topographic and highly divergent

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Axons of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) bundle together to make up the:

olfactory nerve (nI)

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If your glossopharyngeal nerve (nIX) was cut, where do you predict you would lose taste sensation?

At the posterior part of the tongue

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The neurotransmitter released at the synapse between taste cells and gustatory axons in the taste pathway is:

ATP

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When a taste molecule binds to a T1 or T2 receptor, which intracellular signaling cascade occurs?

The g-protein gustducin decouples & activates Phospholipase C, increasing IP3 in the cytosol

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Taste

sensations evoked by solutions in the mouth that
contact receptors in the tongue (and roof of the mouth) that then
connect to axons in Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X

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Liking “sweet” is hardwired into our brains, but we learn to
like the chocolate flavor of the cookie based on _______

experience

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Flavor

the combination of true taste (sweet, salty,
sour, bitter) and retronasal olfaction

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Retronasal olfaction

exhaling odorant molecules into our
mouth, where they can travel up into our upper nasal cavity

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Retronasal olfaction is attributed to food and is combined with taste
sensations to create “_______________.”

flavor

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Gustation

The sense of taste

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Taste bud

a globular
cluster of cells that has the function
of creating neural signals conveyed
to the brain by taste nerves

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Embedded in _____________ (gives
the tongue its bumpy appearance)

Papillae

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Taste Cell

A cell
within the taste bud that
contains sites on its apical
projections that can interact
with taste stimuli

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When a TRC comes in contact with one
of its ______________ molecules, it
creates a message that travels along
one of three cranial nerves to the brain

Preferred

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Plotted curves to show how _________________ varied across
tongue locations in 5 participants

Taste Qualities

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Appeared to show dramatic differences in _____________ to
those four major tastes across the tongue

Sensitivity

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Thresholds only showed the _______________ detectable taste
concentrations rather than tastes experienced in the real world

Lowest

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Taste cells encoding each of the basic
tastes are distributed _____________
the tongue

throughout

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Gustutory Transduction

the process by which taste receptor
cells convert tastants into electric impulses and send them to the
brain so we can interpret them as tastes

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Tastant

any stimulus that can be tasted

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_____ play a role in the gustatory transduction cascade

Tastants

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Salty

Taste quality produced by cations of salt
(NaCl)

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Sour

Taste quality produced by the hydrogen
ion in acids

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Bitter

Unpleasant taste quality produced by
substances like quinine or caffeine

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Sweet

Taste quality produced by some sugars
(glucose, fructose, and sucrose)

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Umami

Taste quality associated with savory
flavors

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Taste Receptor

a molecule that can bind to one of more tastant and
trigger an intracellular response that ultimately cause the cell expressing
this receptor to change its membrane potentia

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T1 receptor family

Sweet, Umami

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T2 receptor family

Bitter

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Mutant mice that lack a functional
_______________ gene lose
responsiveness to sweet, umami,
and bitter stimuli

TRP-M5

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The _______________ of these T1 receptors makes us sense a particular
taste

Combination

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Heterodimer

Chain of two molecules (a dimer) that are different from each other (hetero)

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____________ + ____________ receptors makes cells sensitive to umami-
tasting amino acids (glutamate and aspartate)

T1R1 + T1R3

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Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)

A potent flavor enhancer that activate
the T1R1/T1R3 taste receptor combination, which generates umami taste

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Diversity of T2 receptors is typically ___________ used for taste
discrimination but to warn us before we ingest potentially harmful
compounds

not

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Most taste cells synapse
directly onto the peripheral
endings of _____________
axons

gustatory

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Principle transmitter at these
synapses is adenosine
triphosphate (________)

ATP

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Pax Channel

An Ion Channel that is activated by ATP
and expressed at postsynaptic sites in gustatory axons

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Insular cortex (gustatory cortex)

the primary cortical
processing area for taste

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Major taste pathways:

i: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (nIX)

innervates the posterior
part of the tongue

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Major taste pathways:

j: Vagus Nerve (nX)

innervates taste buds on the roof of the mouth and back of the throat

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Major taste pathways:

k: Facial Nerve (nVII)

innervates taste buds on the anterior tip of the tonge.

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Major taste pathways:

The sensory afferents carried by these 3 cranial nerves synapse in the l. ________________ of
the medulla oblongata

Nucleus Tactus Solitarius

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Steps involved in gustatory transduction:

A tastant molecule binds to the _______or _______ receptors.

T1 or T2

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Steps involved in gustatory transduction:

This binding activates the G-protein ____________.

Gustducin

Steps involved in gustatory transduction:

One of subunits of the g-protein disassociates and activates the enzyme
_________________.

Phospholipids C

Steps involved in gustatory transduction:

The activated enzyme raises intracellular levels of the second messenger
____________.

Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

Steps involved in gustatory transduction:

The second messenger binds to ______ - gated ion channels on the
_____________________.

Ca2+; Endoplasmic Reticulum

Steps involved in gustatory transduction:

__________ ions are released from internal stores.

Ca2+

Steps involved in gustatory transduction:

This rise in the ion from #6 opens the channel _______________ which allows
positive ions to enter the cell

TRP-M5

Steps involved in gustatory transduction:

This change in ion flux due to an tastant binding results in a membrane (circle
one): depolarization / hyperpolarization of the taste receptor cell.

depolarization

Circumvallate papillae

Foliate papillae

Fungiform Papillae

Filiform Papillae (papillae w/no taste function)

Taste cell

Microvilli

Taste Pore

Gustatory Afferent Nerve

Fish

aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits

Odor sensation depends on the _____ available to the olfactory receptor.

Concentration

Trail will form along a _____: Odor will be strongest closest to the source, and weakest further from the source

Concentration Gradient

Odor Plum

longitudinally expanding fluid body, which will be narrow at the source, and expand with distance.

Sensory Threshold

The level of strength a stimulus must reach to be detected

Chemotaxis

Movement in a direction of increasing
or decreasing concentration of a
particular substance
* Requires a comparison of changes in
intensity of that odor

Rheotaxis

Movement in a direction of an
oncoming current
* Odor detection + current direction

Olfactory Sac

a sac made up of
series of plates or lamellae, whose folds
contain the olfactory epithelium

Nares

nostril-like holes (ventral in
sharks; dorsal in bony fishes)

As water flows continuously over the
epithelium, ____________________ respond to specific chemicals present in the water

Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSN)

Olfactory Epithelium

houses the neurons
that contain receptors that recognize and
respond to specific odor molecules

Odor sensation usually depends on the ________________ (number of
molecules) available to the olfactory receptors

Concentration

Bony fishes have an “inflow” and ”outflow” nasal opening
connected by a nasal bridge; no __________ in sharks

such structures exist

Photic Zone

The surface layer of the ocean that
receives sunlight

Twilight Zone

some light
penetrates into the mesopelagic
during the day, but it’s
insufficient for photosynthesis

Aphoric Zone

the water layer
where no light penetrates

________________ in the ocean becomes a limiting factor for
photosynthesis to occur

Light absorption

The depth that light can penetrate is going to depend on the
_____________ of the water

clarity

Photoreceptors

the visual system’s sensory transducers

Refractive Index

a number that describes how light propagates
through a medium

Cartilaginous fishes accommodate for
near vision by moving the lens ________
the retina

closer to

Bony fishes accommodate for distance
vision by moving the lens ___________
the retina

away from

Rod photoreceptors

A type of photoreceptor
cell that is highly light
sensitive
* Optimized for dim light
vision

Cone Photoreceptors

A type of photoreceptor cell
that is responsible for color
vision
* Much less sensitive to light
than rods
* Different cone types allow
for organisms to see color

Tapetum

a reflective layer which bounces light that passes
through the retina back through it again

Sharks have either a rod only retina or are ______________

monochromats

Rays possess ______________- color vision

Trichromatic

Particle motion is more pronounced in water than in air (ie, sounds
travels _________ and _________ in the ocean)

Further; Faster

Otolither

A calcium carbonate
structure in the inner
ear (the vestibular
labyrinth)
* Responsible for both
hearing and balance

Lateral Line

Line of nerves that
extend out of the side
of the body of a fish
Can sense particle
motion or the physical
movement of water

Swim Bladder

Internal gas-filled organ
that helps mediate
buoyancy
Absorbs pressure
gradient energy and
convert it to physical
motion

Otolith organs

small
calcareous stones suspended
in fluid filled sacs, which
contain hair cells

Differences in anatomy may predict differences in ________ capabilities

Auditory

Swim bladder

an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the
ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their
buoyancy

In many species it also possesses __________________

Acoustic function

Weberian Ossicles

an anatomical structure that connects the swim
bladder to the auditory system in fishes

Intentional sound production in the ocean used in ________________

Communication

emission of acoustic signals in order to use the returning
________________ to perceive the environment

echoes

call duration is typically very _______ (0.2-100 msec)

short

How does echolocation work?

Compare the _______ between a call and its returning echo

time

How does echolocation work?

the intensity of the echo dictates how much of the
echolocating call is _______ by an object

broken

How does echolocation work?

by combining delay and intensity, the absolute _______ of
an object can be calculated

size

How does echolocation work?

Compare intensity and timing differences between left and
right to determine direction in _______ dimensions

x-y

FM Bats

the sweep of the call allows for better ___________ of the time
delay between the call and echo

resolution

CF-FM Bats

ypically found in __________________

Denser foliage

How do they produce echolocating calls?

generates a motor pattern
that is sent to the _______

larynx

nose shape _______ echolocation
calls from the nostrils

directs

FM bats can shift their frequencies and intervals between
calls when foraging in ____________ habitats

cluttered

when foraging with other
bats, FM bats adjust
________ and _________
features of their calls

frequency; temporal

That is, the pathway is
identical to non-
echolocating _________

mammals

ears are large and highly ___________

mobile

___________ is also important for directing echoes and
enhancing intensity and timing differences

Tragus

FM bats contract the __________________ during a call

middle ear

___________ membrane reflects hearing range

Basilar

______________
organization of
frequencies across
cochlear nucleus (CN)
subdivisions.

Tonotopic

IC is not only tuned to frequency, but also highly sensitive to
___________ between calls and echoes

timing

Auditory Cortex

relatively ___________

hierarchical

Electroreception

The ability to detect electric fields or currents.

Electric Field

A region around a charged object.

Electroreceptors

Sensory neurons that are sensitive to changes in electric fields

Tuberous Receptors

Respond to high-frequency electric fields
*0.1-1.0 kHz

Ampullary Receptors

*Respond to low-frequency electric fields

Electric field require a ____________ to propagate.

Conductive medium

__________ electrosensors on its bill

Ampulary

Likely used to sense weak electric fields produced by tiny prey tunneling through __________.

moist earth

Passive Electroreception

Animal senses that weak bio-electric fields generated by other animals and uses it to locate them

Active Electroreception

Animal senses its surrounding environment by both sensing and generating electric fields.

Electric Organ Discharge (EOD)

The electric field generated by the organs of animals including electric fish.

Some animals use active electroreception to detecting ______ in the fields they produce using electroreceptor organs.

distortions

Can detect __________ in the EOD due to external objects in their environment.

distortions

Resistance

Opposition to the flow of current
Inversely proportional to conductance

Conductance

Ease at which an electric current passes
Inversely proportional to resistance

A plant has _________ conductance

high

A rock has ______ conductance

low

Tuberous electroreceptors

Receptors that sense high-frequency (0.1-1.0 kHz) electric fields from electric organs.

Cluster of _____ at the bottom of the pit act like miniature voltmeters.

Receptor Cells

Inward current creates a __________ across the basal membrane of the receptor cell.

voltage

The electroreceptor organ density is highest in the ______ (10-20 per mm2) and lowest on the ________ (1-3 per mm2).

head; body

Short range sense < _______.

1 body length

Sharks and rays perceived the prey ____________.

electrically

Ampullary Receptors

Receptors that respond to low-frequency (0.1-20 Hz) electric fields, used in passive electroreception.

Behaviorally relevant ampullary stimuli are thought to originate primarily from ______ sources.

extrinsic

Ampullae of Lorenzini

sensory organs in the head of cartilaginous fishes to detect electrical charges, important in detecting prey.

Canal is filled with semi-conductive ______ (K+ enriched mucopolysaccaride)

capula

Ampullary organs are comprised of a number of alveoli, each of which is lined with a sensory _____.

Epithelium

Ampullae detect the potential ________ between the voltage at the skin pore and the voltage at the base of the electroreceptor cells

difference

The distribution of the pores in generally specific to each species and can be highly _______.

variable

Likely confers variation in electrorecptor _________.

sensitivity

Sensory Transduction

The process by which an external stimulus (e.g. a sound) is converted into a change in the electrical activity of sensory neurons or other sensory cells.

Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:

A prey animal (e.g. an insect)
causes mechanical stimulation of
the ________________.

Trigger Hair

Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:

. This causes bending at the
_____________ zone, where you
find the ______________, formed
into a ring.

Indentation; Mechanoreceptors

Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:

The membrane of the cells in #2 has
______________-gated ____________
channels and a high concentration of the
ion ________ inside the cell.

Mechanically; Cl-; Cl-

Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:

When the trigger hair is bent, the ion
channels open, resulting in an
___________ of the ion from #3.

Efflux

Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:

This change in ion flux results in a
membrane (circle one): depolarization /
hyperpolarization of the receptor cell.

Depolarization

Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:

This activation of the
mechanosensitive ion
channels triggers a(n)
________________ that
propagates from the base of
the sensory cells

Action Potential

Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:

This propagation travels from
the sensory cells to the podium
via ___________________.

Plasmodesmata

Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:

Propagation of #6 through the
lobe of the leaf ultimately
results in ______________

Trap closure

Plant cells can be electrically
excitable and can display rapid
electrical responses in the form
of __________________

action Potentials

Usually responds to stimuli by
gradually altering its _________
rate or its direction of
_____________

growth; growth

Phototropism

growth
towards or away from a light
source (positive or negative)

Photoreception

mechanisms of light detection that depends on
specialized light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors

Phytochromes

a class of photoreceptor (e.g. a blue-green
photopigment) found in plants, bacteria, and fungi used to detect light

Inactive form
Absorbs red photons

Prf

Active form
Absorbs far-red photons

There is a difference in the __________ at which these two forms are
produced during the day

rate

When converted to its active form (Pfr) by red light, this triggers
_______________

plant growth

Short Day Plants

Bloom only when day length is less
than 12 hours
Fall and Winter flowering plants
e.g chrysanthemums, poinsettias
High Pfr levels inhibit flowering

Long Day Plants

Bloom only when day length is greater than
12 hours
Late spring, early summer flowering plants
e.g. coneflowers, California poppies,
lettuce, potatoes
High Pfr levels promote flowering

Photoperiodism

the physiological reaction of organisms to
the length of night or a dark period

For short day plants, high Pfr ____________ flowering

inhibits

For long day plants, high Pfr _____________ Flowering

promotes

The length of uninterrupted _____________ is determines Pfr levels
and flower formation in both short and long day plants plants

darkness

If you expose a short day plant to extra
red light in the middle of the night the
short day plant ________________

will not flower

If you expose a long day plant to extra
red light in the middle of the night the
long day plant ________________

will flower

Phytochromes control many aspects of plant __________________
(germination of seeds, synthesis of chlorophyll, size, shape and
number of leaves and timing of flowering

development

Plants use light of different _________________
as environmental cues to trigger important
developmental transitions

wavelength

Mechanoreception

the ability to detect and respond to
mechanical stimuli (pressure, vibration, stretching, or other mechanical
stimuli)

Carnivorous plants mechanoreception

Offensive
Using mechanoreceptive cues to capture prey

Herbivores plants mechanoreception

Defensive
Using mechanoreceptive cues to defend against herbivory

Carnivorous Plants

derive some or most of their nutrients from
trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and
other arthropods

Trichrome

fine outgrowths
or appendages on plants

The venus flytrap an distinguish between living
prey and _____________
stimuli

Non-prey

Plasmodesmata

a thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell
walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them

Venus Flytrap

RULE: trap closure only occurs if there are _______________________
activated trichromes

2 sequentially

Non-carnivorous plants employ-similar perceptual abilities in
detecting the presence of __________________

Herbivores

The propagation of _______________ signals has been implicated in
meditating leaf folding in response to touch in Mimosa pudica

electrical

Defense mechanism for Herbivores:

Wrap the leaflets in webs that hinder __________________

Responsive closure

Leaf wounding significantly
prolongs the time until _________
of damaged leaves

recovery

M. pudica exhibits __________________ to repeated application of the
same stimulus, while remaining responsive to novel stimuli

Habituation

Following successive drops,
there was an an _________
in the degree of leaf
openness (habituation)

increase

After 30 days, they found long-term
_______________ of the habituated leaf-
folding reflex

retention

Gagliano et all found a relatively long-lasting _____________
behavioral change as a result of previous experience in a plant

learned

Matches the persistence of _____________ effects observed in many
animals

hanituation

_____________ may be responsible for the long-term
memory in Mimosa

Ca2+

Which basic taste qualities are produced by ion channels?
A. Bitter and Salty
B. Salty and sour
C. Sweet and Bitter
D. Umami and sour

How do sharks know that it is a plant in front of them and not a rock?

A- the plant has high conductance and high resistance while the rock has low conductance and high resistance

B- the plant has high conductance and low resistance while the rock has low conductance and high resistance

C- the plant has low conductance and the rock has high conductance

D- the plant and rock both have high resistance

To be smelled, an odorant molecule must be:

A. Volatile

B. Small

C. Hydrophobic

D. All of the above

Which is the correct order of the auditory pathway in bats?

a. cochlear nucleus, MGN, inferior colliculus, A1

b. MGN, A1, cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus

c. cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, MGN, A1

d. Inferior colliculus, cochlear nucleus, MGN, A1

During olfactory transduction, which ions enter the cell following the opening of cAMP-gated ion channels?

a. sodium and potassium

b. sodium and calcium

c. calcium and potassium

d. potassium and chloride

The Emerald Jewel Wasp utilizes a series of stings when attacking a cockroach in order to use it as a laying spot for its egg. What are the locations and purposes of sting 1, 2, and 3, respectively in this order?

A) Brain - paralysis, T2- femur extension if leg is covering location that egg needs to be laid, Brain again- laying egg

B) Brain- Long term pacification, T1– femur extension if leg is covering location that egg needs to be laid, T2- laying egg

C) T1- front leg paralysis, Brain- long term pacification, T2- femur extension if leg is covering location that egg needs to be laid.

D) T1- femur extension if leg is covering location that egg needs to be laid, Brain- long term pacification, T2- kills cockroach

Q: Which of the follow answer choices contains the three basic tastes that are mediated by G-Protien coupled receptors?

A. Sweet, Umami and Bitter

B. Salty, Sour, and Umami

C. Sweet, Sour, and Bitter

D. Salty, Sweet and Umami

You and your friend have a drinking contest. You win, of course, with a record of 6 drinks. When you go home, you notice you only have pickles to snack on, and you hate pickles. However, pickles don’t sound so bad right now. Why?

A. Alcohol improves your olfactory sensitivity and suddenly the pickles taste a way they’ve never tasted before.

B. Alcohol temporarily turns off the genes that make you hate pickles.

C. Alcohol impairs olfactory sensitivity so you don’t feel as much of an aversion to pickles like you normally do.

D. Alcohol impairs your sense of taste so you don’t taste how awful pickles are.

What is the distinction between passive and active electroreception?

A) Active is animals sensing other animals weak bioelectric fields and passive is both sensing others and generating their own electric fields.

B) Passive is animals sensing other animals weak bioelectric fields and active is both sensing others and generating their own electric fields

C) Passive is animals sensing other animals weak bioelectric fields and active is generating their own electric fields

D) There is no such thing as active and passive electroreception

_____ cause a small puff of each inhalation to rise, facilitating our ability to detect odorants

a. turbinates

b. olfactory cleft

c. olfactory epithelium

d. glomeruli

e. mitral cell

Which of the following accurately describes OSNs?

A) Bipolar cells responsible for transmitting information to the brain

B) Multipolar cells found in the olfactory system that are responsible for transmitting information to the brain

C) unicellular cells located in the olfactory epithelium responsible for detecting odorants

D) Bipolar cells that connect olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb that synapse on glomerulus dendrites

Which of the following olfactory structures are found in sharks, but not humans?

A. Olfactory Epithelium

B. Olfactory Bulb

C. Olfactory Rosette

D. Olfactory Cortex

E. None of the above

As I am sure we all have seen the movie finding Nemo; Bruce, Anchor, and Chum, the three sharks who have sworn to abstain from eating fish (“Fish are friends not food”), are swimming around in the Pacific Ocean just off great barrier reef. Suddenly Chum’s attention is grabbed by a delicious looking cuttlefish off in the distance, and he succumbs to temptation due to his carnivorous nature and being on the brink of starvation. In this moment of weakness Chum darts after the cuttlefish mad with hunger and blind to his oath of friendship. Fortunately for the cuttlefish, Bruce and Anchor are able to wrangle their friend and remind him of his commitment to his fellow aqueous companions and saved the cuttlefish’s life. In Chum’s moment of weakness when his attention is first grabbed by the unsuspecting and deliciously looking cuttlefish what is happening?

A. Chum was initially alerted to the cuttlefish’s presence due to passive electroreception causing him to turn his attention/head in the direction of the fish. Since his eyes are naturally focused for objects far away he does not have to move his lens closer to the retina to clearly see the cuttlefish.

B. Chum was initially alerted to the cuttlefish’s presence due to active electroreception causing him to turn his attention/head in the direction of the fish. Since his eyes are naturally focused for objects far away he does not have to move his lens closer to the retina to clearly see the cuttlefish.

C. Chum was initially alerted to the cuttlefish’s presence due to passive electroreception causing him to turn his attention/head in the direction of the fish. Since his eyes are naturally focused for objects up close he has to move his lens further from the retina to clearly see the cuttlefish.

D. Chum was initially alerted to the cuttlefish’s presence due to active electroreception causing him to turn his attention/head in the direction of the fish. Since his eyes are naturally focused for objects up close he has to move his lens further from the retina to clearly see the cuttlefish.

Who discovered shape pattern theory?

a) John Amoore

b) AJ Kalmijn

c) Monica Gagliano

d) Picasso

What electric frequencies are ampullary receptors most responsive too?

A. .1-20 Hz

B. 1-4 Hz

C. 10-25 Hz

D. .05-.09 Hz

Imagine you are a Great White Shark moseying through the ocean, when all of a sudden you sense prey close by. In order to visually accommodate for the nearby animal, what must you do?

A.) Move the lens closer to the retina

B.) Flatten the lens

C.) Move the lens further from the retina

D.) No change needed, sharks are nearsighted

Fish do not have a cochlea to aid them in hearing underwater. Which of the following is a type of system that fish use to hear instead of using a cochlea?

a. Otoliths

b. Lateral line

c. Swim bladder

d. None of these are correct because fish do have cochleas to hear

e. All of the above

Q: What activates the enzyme Phospholipase C?

A. IP3

B. Gustducin

C. TRP-M5

D. Ca2+ ions

Which of the following is false regarding the gustatory system and taste pathways?

A. The vagus nerve (nIX) innervates taste buds on the roof of the mouth and the back of the throat.

B. ATP is the principle transmitter at the synapses between taste cells and gustatory axons, and activates P2X channels.

C. The insular cortex is the primary cortical processing area for gustation.

D. Taste cells co-express many (if not all) T2 receptor types, which is used to discriminate tastes.

What environment would an FM bat have trouble locating prey in?

A. Above a large lake at night

B. In a tropical rainforest

C. Over a water reservoir at dusk

D. In an open field at night

Q: Congratulations, you are a now superhero with ultrasonic hearing! While out on a walk in a forest, you realize that you can now hear bats’ echolocating calls while hunting for food. You hear one in particular that you focus on, and find that it stays at a constant pitch during each call. Its’ call is also longer in duration than some other bats you heard earlier in a field. Remembering the types of bats from Dr. Iwaniuk’s lecture, what kind of bat do you determine this one to be?

    A. AM bats

    B. CF-FM bats

    C. FM bats

    D. all bats have the same call, duh

Which of the following is true regarding olfactory systems in aquatic animals?

A. Sharks have a nasal bridge.

B. Bony fish have a nasal opening for inflow and outflow of water that connects to the nasal bridge.

C. Air breathing marine tetrapods have an olfactory sense both in and out of the water.

D. Nares are dorsally positioned in cartilaginous fish and ventrally positioned in bony fish.

In many fish species, they have evolved a reflective layer at the back of the eye to bounce light back into the retina and increase sensitivity, which is why many fish have eye shine. What is this reflective layer called?
A. Tragus
B. Tapetum
C. Otoliths
D. Ampullae of Lorenzini

Which of the following Best describes the interaction between the Emerald Jewel Wasp and the American cockroach, focusing on the neurophysiological strategies employed by the wasp resulting in the “zombification” of the cockroach?

A. The wasp injects venom that causes systemic paralysis of the cockroach, allowing it to be easily manipulated, and thus zombification occurs, after which the cockroach is consumed immediately.

B. The wasp uses its venom to paralyze the cockroach’s hind legs, making it unable to escape, and then lays eggs directly into the cockroach’s abdomen.

C. The wasp stings the cockroach to deliver a venom that specifically targets the central nervous system, paralyzing the front legs and altering the cockroach’s escape behavior, thereby facilitating a living host environment for its larvae.

D. The wasp captures the cockroach and physically restrains it within its nest without the use of venom, relying on its physical strength to overcome the coackroach.

Which anatomical feature plays a crucial role in directing echoes and enhancing intensity and timing differences in animals with highly developed auditory capabilities?

A. Pinna

B. Cochlea

C. Tympanic membrane

D. Tragus

Q: By age 85, what percentage of the population has become anosmic or at least hyposmic?

A. ~50%

B. ~25%

C. ~100%

D. ~10%

What type of papillae are found on the tip of the tongue and are mushroom shaped?

A. Filiform papillae
B. Fungiform papillae
C. Foliage papillae
D. Circumvallate papillae

Far-red light (in the shade or in the dark) converts phytochrome from Pfr (active) to Pr (inactive) form of phytochrome & will not allow for _______?

A. Plant Growth

B. Plant-Plant Communication

C. Plant Absorption

D. Plant Decay

The brief silence between the moment a call is made by a bat and the returning echo is heard can help determine _________.

a. directionality of an object

b. distance of an object

c. altitude of an object

d. size of an object

Which of the following is NOT a feature that can be determined with echolocation?

A. Elevation
B. Azimuth
C. Mass
D. Distance

What is true about the Tuberous Organ?

A. It has a cluster of receptor cells at the top of the pit

B. It contains a plug that filters out low stimulus

C. Receptor cells are innervated by branches of the horizontal line nerves

D. A change in voltage doesn’t mean anything

How does an emerald jewel wasp deliver such precisely placed stings to the nervous system of a cockroach?

A. Emerald jewel wasps possess keen eyesight which aids in coordination

B. Emerald jewel wasps can detect the electrical charge of the cockroaches nervous system with the use of a special sensory organ.

C. Emerald jewel wasps possess mechanoreceptive hairlike appendages on their stingers which allow them to more carefully position their stings.

D. Emerald jewel wasps immobilize their prey before attacking the nervous system.

The membrane of the mechanosensors in the leaf of a venus fly traps are _________ gated _________ channels.

A: Chemical, Chloride
B: Sensory, potassium
C: Mechanically, chloride
D: Ion, Sodium

Q: Which phrase encapsulates the concept of synaptic strengthening in accordance with Hebb’s rule?

   A. "Synapses sync when neurons click."
   B. "Firing sparks forge synaptic arcs."
   C. "Neurons that fire together, wire together."
   D. "Neural beats bind synaptic feats."

You’re watching animal planet with a friend. After discussing the wonders of the wild platypus, you mention it’s even more fascinating sensory organs. How is it that the Platypi is such an adept hunter in the water?

A. Platypuses have 40,000 electrosensors on their bills

B. The platypus has an acute sense of smell

C. These creatures have a second sclera, functioning as an underwater set of goggles.

D. Their bill gives them an advanced ability to detect smells in the water.