Exam 3 Material Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following accurately describes the olfactory system:
Odorant molecules bind to receptors on the mitral cells in the olfactory bulb
, Not Selected
The olfactory epithelium is a part of the olfactory bulb
, Not Selected
Olfactory sensory neurons are arranged topographically in the epithelium, but its axons project randomly onto mitral cells
, Not Selected
Correct answer:
Olfactory sensory neurons synapse with mitral cells in the glomeruli within the olfactory bulb
A
Olfactory sensory neurons synapse with mitral cells in the glomeruli within the olfactory bulb
2
Q
The total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus or viral infection or physical damage from an accident, is known as
Agnosia
, Not Selected
Parosmia
, Not Selected
Hyposmia
, Not Selected
Correct answer:
Anosmia
A
Anosmia
3
Q
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the olfactory transduction cascade
Golf activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase
, Not Selected
Adenylate cyclase raises intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP)
, Not Selected
Correct answer:
Activation of the olfactory receptor by an odorant results in a membrane hyperpolarization
Rising cAMP levels opens cAMP-gated ion channels that allow Na+ and Ca2+ to enter the cell
, Not Selected
Binding of a “preferred” odorant to olfactory receptor molecule activates the G-protein Golf
A
Activation of the olfactory receptor by an odorant results in a membrane hyperpolarization
4
Q
Activation of the olfactory receptor by an odorant results in a membrane hyperpolarization
A
Chemoreception
5
Q
the detection of chemicals using olfactory sensory cells
A
Olfaction
6
Q
sniffing in and perceiving odors
through our nostrils
A
Orthonasal olfaction
7
Q
exhaling odorant molecules into
our mouth, where they can travel up into our upper nasal cavity
A
Retronasal Olfaction
8
Q
Odorant
A
a molecule that can be smelled
9
Q
Olfactory Bulb
A
a neural structure of the vertebrate forebrain
involved the sense of smell
10
Q
Glomeruli
A
Discrete spheres of nerve tissue; formed from
the axons of the olfactory sensory neurons and dendrites of
mitral cells
11
Q
Mitral Cells
A
Interneurons in the olfactory bulb, whose axons
pass information to other parts of the brain
12
Q
Volatile
A
a molecule that is
buoyant in air and can
be inhaled
13
Q
Turbinates
A
curled bony protrusions that create turbulence to
incoming air
14
Q
Olfactory Epithelium
A
mucus membrane in the roof of the nasal
cavity that houses the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)
15
Q
Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSNs)
A
a transduction cell within the
olfactory epithelium
small neurons in
the mucous layer of the olfactory epithelium that
contain the receptor sites for odorant molecules
16
Q
Olfactory Receptor Molecules
A
A large family of G-protein coupled
receptors that are expressed in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons and
bind to odorants
17
Q
Olfactory sensory neurons can be _______________ regularly throughout
adulthood
A
Replaced
18
Q
Olfactory Transduction Cascade
A
A series of events that starts with a
chemical (odorant) binding to the olfactory receptor molecule and ends
with a change in the membrane potential of an olfactory sensory neuron
19
Q
Each odorant activates only a _________ of olfactory sensory neurons
A
Subset
20
Q
Chemotopy
A
Orderly mapping between odorant structure and spatial
location of activated glomeruli
21
Q
Mitral Cells receive input
from just________
A
one glomerulus
22
Q
Granule Cell
A
most numerous type of neuron in the olfactory bulb and
interconnect mitral cells; do not have axons
23
Q
Reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapses
A
synapses between dendrites that are
arranged so that a synapse that transmits signals in one direction, lies adjacent to
a synapse going in the other direction
24
Q
Shutting down activity shortly after it has begun likely keeps
the system sensitive to ________________ odors
A
new or changing
25
Lateral inhibition
The process by which nearby neurons inhibit each
other
26
Anosmia
the total inability to smell, most often
resulting from sinus or viral infection or physical damage from an
accident
27
If the bony plate scars over,
regenerated OSN axons cannot
________ to the olfactory bulbs
connect
28
Hyposmia
significantly reduced sense of smell
29
Parosmia
a distorted sense of smell
30
Olfactory nerve
axons of the olfactory sensory neurons
bundle together to form the first cranial nerve
31
OSN axons are among the ________ and the _________ in the
body
Thinnest; slowest
32
Olfactory bulb
first relay for olfactory sensory neurons in the brain
33
Axons of the mitral cells and other neuron types in each bulb
combine to form the _______________
Olfactory tract
34
Olfactory cortex (piriform cortex)
a set of cortical areas that receives
highly divergent input from neurons in the olfactory bulb (involved in odor
discrimination)
35
Limbic System
a group of neural structures that is involved in
many aspects of emotion and memory
36
Connections from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex is that
they are ________________ and highly divergent
Non-topographic
37
Epitope
a feature of an odorant to which an olfactory receptor
may bind selectively
38
Each natural odor activates a variety of olfactory sensory neurons,
which activates a specific set of ______________
Glomeruli
39
Humans have approximately 350-400 or so different functional
_________________ that code for a different olfactory
receptor
odorant receptor genes
40
Olfactory receptor genes have about _____ "pseudogenes"
425
41
The more copies of a receptor an individual has, the more
_____________ they will be to certain odorants
sensitive
42
Genes associated with olfactory receptor expression
determines our ____________ to four other food relevant odors
(e.g. banana, beer, blue cheese, violets)
sensitivity
43
Whether you have a pseudogene or a functional
gene for a given odor can alter _______________
Odor perception
44
Most odorants stimulate the _______________ system to some
degree through free nerve endings within the nose
somatosensory
45
These sensations are mediated by the
_______________(cranial nerve V)
trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)
46
Shape pattern theory
different scents activate different arrays
of olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium as a function of
odorant-shape to OR-shape fit
47
Odorant molecules have different ___________ and an odorant
will be detected by a specific OR to the extent that the
odorant’s molecules fit into that OR
shapes
48
Chemicals of specific shapes fit receptors with shapes that best
_________________ them
accommodate
49
Different scents activate different __________ of olfactory receptors in
the olfactory epithelium, producing specific ______________ in the
olfactory bulb
arrays; glomerular activity
50
Can be modulated according to the ___________________ of the
individual (e.g. hunger, past experience)
physiological state
51
The granule cells receive ________________ projections from the
olfactory cortex
Descending
52
Our ability to detect, remember and odor, and recall an odor
can be manipulated by ___________________
experience
53
Each olfactory receptor is coded for by a ___________
specific gene
54
Placticity
the quality of being easily shaped or molded
55
______________ between neurons can and does change with
experience
Connections
56
HEBB’S RULE
Neurons that fire together wire together
57
Hebbian Long term plasticity
a strengthening of
connections between neurons that follow’s Hebb’s rule
58
Simultaneously activation of a subset of olfactory cortex neurons will
tend to _____________ the connection between these neurons
strengthen
59
Cell assemblies
weakly interconnected group of neurons that is
repeatedly co-activated will over time become strongly interconnected
(synaptic plasticity)
60
After an odorant binds, olfactory receptors retreat into the cell body
and are no longer _______________ to respond to the bakery scent
molecules
Physically available
61
Receptor adaptation
the biochemical phenomenon that occurs after
continual exposure to an odorant
62
Cognitive haituation
after long term exposure to an odor
ne no longer has the ability to detect that odor or has
diminished detection capability
63
Our ability to detect odorants declines with ___________
age
64
By age 85, ~50% of the population has become __________
anosmic
65
Alzheimer's disease
a
neurodegenerative disease that is
associated with progressive dementia
and the loss of synapses (and
eventually neurons) in diverse brain
regions
66
__________________ will show up as
a deficit in early stages of
Alzheimer’s
Identifying odors
67
Parkinson's
a neurodegenerative disease caused mainly by
nerve cell damage in the brain, which causes dopamine levels to
drop
68
A
Nasal Cavity
69
B
Olfactory Cleft
70
C
Olfactory Epithelium
71
D
Turbinates
72
E
Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSNs)
73
F (F=specific structures on E. that express the olfactory receptors)
Cilia
74
G
Olfactory Epithelium
75
H
Glomerulus
76
I
Mitral Cells
77
J
Olfactory Bulb
78
K (where axons of I. project)
Olfactory Cortex
79
Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction
Step 1: An odorant binds to a “preferred” __________________ molecule.
Odarebt
80
Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction
Step 2: This binding activates the G-protein ____________.
G-olf
81
Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction
Step 3: One of subunits of the g-protein disassociates and activate the enzyme
_________________.
Adenylate Cyclase
82
Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction
Step 4: The activated enzyme raises intracellular levels of the second messenger
____________
cAMP
83
Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction
Step 5: This increase in the second messenger above causes __________ -gated
channels to (circle one) open / close.
cAMP; open
84
Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction
Step 6: _______ & _______ ions can enter the cell.
Na+; Ca2+
85
Fill in the blanks of the steps involved in auditory transduction
Step 7: This change in ion flux due to an odorant binding results in a membrane (circle
one): depolarization / hyperpolarization of the olfactory sensory neuron.
Depolarization
86
What best explains how and why we remember odors?
With repeated odor exposure, cortical neurons become “wired together”
87
The shape-pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that
odorants’ shapes fit into the olfactory receptors’ shapes
88
What is a major difference between olfactory projections vs. visual or somatosensory projections?
Projections to the olfactory cortex are non-topographic and highly divergent
89
Axons of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) bundle together to make up the:
olfactory nerve (nI)
90
If your glossopharyngeal nerve (nIX) was cut, where do you predict you would lose taste sensation?
At the posterior part of the tongue
91
The neurotransmitter released at the synapse between taste cells and gustatory axons in the taste pathway is:
ATP
92
When a taste molecule binds to a T1 or T2 receptor, which intracellular signaling cascade occurs?
The g-protein gustducin decouples & activates Phospholipase C, increasing IP3 in the cytosol
93
Taste
sensations evoked by solutions in the mouth that
contact receptors in the tongue (and roof of the mouth) that then
connect to axons in Cranial Nerves VII, IX, and X
94
Liking “sweet” is hardwired into our brains, but we learn to
like the chocolate flavor of the cookie based on _______
experience
95
Flavor
the combination of true taste (sweet, salty,
sour, bitter) and retronasal olfaction
96
Retronasal olfaction
exhaling odorant molecules into our
mouth, where they can travel up into our upper nasal cavity
97
Retronasal olfaction is attributed to food and is combined with taste
sensations to create “_______________."
flavor
98
Gustation
The sense of taste
99
Taste bud
a globular
cluster of cells that has the function
of creating neural signals conveyed
to the brain by taste nerves
100
Embedded in _____________ (gives
the tongue its bumpy appearance)
Papillae
101
Taste Cell
A cell
within the taste bud that
contains sites on its apical
projections that can interact
with taste stimuli
102
When a TRC comes in contact with one
of its ______________ molecules, it
creates a message that travels along
one of three cranial nerves to the brain
Preferred
103
Plotted curves to show how _________________ varied across
tongue locations in 5 participants
Taste Qualities
104
Appeared to show dramatic differences in _____________ to
those four major tastes across the tongue
Sensitivity
105
Thresholds only showed the _______________ detectable taste
concentrations rather than tastes experienced in the real world
Lowest
106
Taste cells encoding each of the basic
tastes are distributed _____________
the tongue
throughout
107
Gustutory Transduction
the process by which taste receptor
cells convert tastants into electric impulses and send them to the
brain so we can interpret them as tastes
108
Tastant
any stimulus that can be tasted
109
_____ play a role in the gustatory transduction cascade
Tastants
110
Salty
Taste quality produced by cations of salt
(NaCl)
111
Sour
Taste quality produced by the hydrogen
ion in acids
112
Bitter
Unpleasant taste quality produced by
substances like quinine or caffeine
113
Sweet
Taste quality produced by some sugars
(glucose, fructose, and sucrose)
114
Umami
Taste quality associated with savory
flavors
115
Taste Receptor
a molecule that can bind to one of more tastant and
trigger an intracellular response that ultimately cause the cell expressing
this receptor to change its membrane potentia
116
T1 receptor family
Sweet, Umami
117
T2 receptor family
Bitter
118
Mutant mice that lack a functional
_______________ gene lose
responsiveness to sweet, umami,
and bitter stimuli
TRP-M5
119
The _______________ of these T1 receptors makes us sense a particular
taste
Combination
120
Heterodimer
Chain of two molecules (a dimer) that are different from each other (hetero)
121
____________ + ____________ receptors makes cells sensitive to umami-
tasting amino acids (glutamate and aspartate)
T1R1 + T1R3
122
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
A potent flavor enhancer that activate
the T1R1/T1R3 taste receptor combination, which generates umami taste
123
Diversity of T2 receptors is typically ___________ used for taste
discrimination but to warn us before we ingest potentially harmful
compounds
not
124
Most taste cells synapse
directly onto the peripheral
endings of _____________
axons
gustatory
125
Principle transmitter at these
synapses is adenosine
triphosphate (________)
ATP
126
Pax Channel
An Ion Channel that is activated by ATP
and expressed at postsynaptic sites in gustatory axons
127
Insular cortex (gustatory cortex)
the primary cortical
processing area for taste
128
Major taste pathways:
i: Glossopharyngeal Nerve (nIX)
innervates the posterior
part of the tongue
129
Major taste pathways:
j: Vagus Nerve (nX)
innervates taste buds on the roof of the mouth and back of the throat
130
Major taste pathways:
k: Facial Nerve (nVII)
innervates taste buds on the anterior tip of the tonge.
131
Major taste pathways:
The sensory afferents carried by these 3 cranial nerves synapse in the l. ________________ of
the medulla oblongata
Nucleus Tactus Solitarius
132
Steps involved in gustatory transduction:
1. A tastant molecule binds to the _______or _______ receptors.
T1 or T2
133
Steps involved in gustatory transduction:
2. This binding activates the G-protein ____________.
Gustducin
134
Steps involved in gustatory transduction:
3. One of subunits of the g-protein disassociates and activates the enzyme
_________________.
Phospholipids C
135
Steps involved in gustatory transduction:
4. The activated enzyme raises intracellular levels of the second messenger
____________.
Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)
136
Steps involved in gustatory transduction:
5. The second messenger binds to ______ - gated ion channels on the
_____________________.
Ca2+; Endoplasmic Reticulum
137
Steps involved in gustatory transduction:
6. __________ ions are released from internal stores.
Ca2+
138
Steps involved in gustatory transduction:
7. This rise in the ion from #6 opens the channel _______________ which allows
positive ions to enter the cell
TRP-M5
139
Steps involved in gustatory transduction:
8. This change in ion flux due to an tastant binding results in a membrane (circle
one): depolarization / hyperpolarization of the taste receptor cell.
depolarization
140
a.
Circumvallate papillae
141
b.
Foliate papillae
142
c.
Fungiform Papillae
143
d.
Filiform Papillae (papillae w/no taste function)
144
e.
Taste cell
145
f.
Microvilli
146
g.
Taste Pore
147
h.
Gustatory Afferent Nerve
148
Fish
aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits
149
Odor sensation depends on the _____ available to the olfactory receptor.
Concentration
150
Trail will form along a _____: Odor will be strongest closest to the source, and weakest further from the source
Concentration Gradient
151
Odor Plum
longitudinally expanding fluid body, which will be narrow at the source, and expand with distance.
152
Sensory Threshold
The level of strength a stimulus must reach to be detected
153
Chemotaxis
Movement in a direction of increasing
or decreasing concentration of a
particular substance
* Requires a comparison of changes in
intensity of that odor
154
Rheotaxis
Movement in a direction of an
oncoming current
* Odor detection + current direction
155
Olfactory Sac
a sac made up of
series of plates or lamellae, whose folds
contain the olfactory epithelium
156
Nares
nostril-like holes (ventral in
sharks; dorsal in bony fishes)
157
As water flows continuously over the
epithelium, ____________________ respond to specific chemicals present in the water
Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSN)
158
Olfactory Epithelium
houses the neurons
that contain receptors that recognize and
respond to specific odor molecules
159
Odor sensation usually depends on the ________________ (number of
molecules) available to the olfactory receptors
Concentration
160
Bony fishes have an “inflow” and ”outflow” nasal opening
connected by a nasal bridge; no __________ in sharks
such structures exist
161
Photic Zone
The surface layer of the ocean that
receives sunlight
162
Twilight Zone
some light
penetrates into the mesopelagic
during the day, but it’s
insufficient for photosynthesis
163
Aphoric Zone
the water layer
where no light penetrates
164
________________ in the ocean becomes a limiting factor for
photosynthesis to occur
Light absorption
165
The depth that light can penetrate is going to depend on the
_____________ of the water
clarity
166
Photoreceptors
the visual system’s sensory transducers
167
Refractive Index
a number that describes how light propagates
through a medium
168
Cartilaginous fishes accommodate for
near vision by moving the lens ________
the retina
closer to
169
Bony fishes accommodate for distance
vision by moving the lens ___________
the retina
away from
170
Rod photoreceptors
A type of photoreceptor
cell that is highly light
sensitive
* Optimized for dim light
vision
171
Cone Photoreceptors
A type of photoreceptor cell
that is responsible for color
vision
* Much less sensitive to light
than rods
* Different cone types allow
for organisms to see color
172
Tapetum
a reflective layer which bounces light that passes
through the retina back through it again
173
Sharks have either a rod only retina or are ______________
monochromats
174
Rays possess ______________- color vision
Trichromatic
175
Particle motion is more pronounced in water than in air (ie, sounds
travels _________ and _________ in the ocean)
Further; Faster
176
Otolither
A calcium carbonate
structure in the inner
ear (the vestibular
labyrinth)
* Responsible for both
hearing and balance
177
Lateral Line
* Line of nerves that
extend out of the side
of the body of a fish
* Can sense particle
motion or the physical
movement of water
178
Swim Bladder
* Internal gas-filled organ
that helps mediate
buoyancy
* Absorbs pressure
gradient energy and
convert it to physical
motion
179
Otolith organs
small
calcareous stones suspended
in fluid filled sacs, which
contain hair cells
180
Differences in anatomy may predict differences in ________ capabilities
Auditory
181
Swim bladder
an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the
ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their
buoyancy
182
In many species it also possesses __________________
Acoustic function
183
Weberian Ossicles
an anatomical structure that connects the swim
bladder to the auditory system in fishes
184
Intentional sound production in the ocean used in ________________
Communication
185
emission of acoustic signals in order to use the returning
________________ to perceive the environment
echoes
186
call duration is typically very _______ (0.2-100 msec)
short
187
How does echolocation work?
Compare the _______ between a call and its returning echo
time
188
How does echolocation work?
the intensity of the echo dictates how much of the
echolocating call is _______ by an object
broken
189
How does echolocation work?
by combining delay and intensity, the absolute _______ of
an object can be calculated
size
190
How does echolocation work?
Compare intensity and timing differences between left and
right to determine direction in _______ dimensions
x-y
191
FM Bats
the sweep of the call allows for better ___________ of the time
delay between the call and echo
resolution
192
CF-FM Bats
ypically found in __________________
Denser foliage
193
How do they produce echolocating calls?
generates a motor pattern
that is sent to the _______
larynx
194
nose shape _______ echolocation
calls from the nostrils
directs
195
FM bats can shift their frequencies and intervals between
calls when foraging in ____________ habitats
cluttered
196
when foraging with other
bats, FM bats adjust
________ and _________
features of their calls
frequency; temporal
197
That is, the pathway is
identical to non-
echolocating _________
mammals
198
ears are large and highly ___________
mobile
199
___________ is also important for directing echoes and
enhancing intensity and timing differences
Tragus
200
FM bats contract the __________________ during a call
middle ear
201
___________ membrane reflects hearing range
Basilar
202
______________
organization of
frequencies across
cochlear nucleus (CN)
subdivisions.
Tonotopic
203
IC is not only tuned to frequency, but also highly sensitive to
___________ between calls and echoes
timing
204
Auditory Cortex
relatively ___________
hierarchical
205
Electroreception
The ability to detect electric fields or currents.
206
Electric Field
A region around a charged object.
207
Electroreceptors
Sensory neurons that are sensitive to changes in electric fields
208
Tuberous Receptors
* Respond to high-frequency electric fields
*0.1-1.0 kHz
209
Ampullary Receptors
*Respond to low-frequency electric fields
210
Electric field require a ____________ to propagate.
Conductive medium
211
__________ electrosensors on its bill
Ampulary
212
Likely used to sense weak electric fields produced by tiny prey tunneling through __________.
moist earth
213
Passive Electroreception
Animal senses that weak bio-electric fields generated by other animals and uses it to locate them
214
Active Electroreception
Animal senses its surrounding environment by both sensing and generating electric fields.
215
Electric Organ Discharge (EOD)
The electric field generated by the organs of animals including electric fish.
216
Some animals use active electroreception to detecting ______ in the fields they produce using electroreceptor organs.
distortions
217
Can detect __________ in the EOD due to external objects in their environment.
distortions
218
Resistance
* Opposition to the flow of current
* Inversely proportional to conductance
219
Conductance
* Ease at which an electric current passes
* Inversely proportional to resistance
220
A plant has _________ conductance
high
221
A rock has ______ conductance
low
222
Tuberous electroreceptors
Receptors that sense high-frequency (0.1-1.0 kHz) electric fields from electric organs.
223
Cluster of _____ at the bottom of the pit act like miniature voltmeters.
Receptor Cells
224
Inward current creates a __________ across the basal membrane of the receptor cell.
voltage
225
The electroreceptor organ density is highest in the ______ (10-20 per mm2) and lowest on the ________ (1-3 per mm2).
head; body
226
Short range sense < _______.
1 body length
227
Sharks and rays perceived the prey ____________.
electrically
228
Ampullary Receptors
Receptors that respond to low-frequency (0.1-20 Hz) electric fields, used in passive electroreception.
229
Behaviorally relevant ampullary stimuli are thought to originate primarily from ______ sources.
extrinsic
230
Ampullae of Lorenzini
sensory organs in the head of cartilaginous fishes to detect electrical charges, important in detecting prey.
231
Canal is filled with semi-conductive ______ (K+ enriched mucopolysaccaride)
capula
232
Ampullary organs are comprised of a number of alveoli, each of which is lined with a sensory _____.
Epithelium
233
Ampullae detect the potential ________ between the voltage at the skin pore and the voltage at the base of the electroreceptor cells
difference
234
The distribution of the pores in generally specific to each species and can be highly _______.
variable
235
Likely confers variation in electrorecptor _________.
sensitivity
236
Sensory Transduction
The process by which an external stimulus (e.g. a sound) is converted into a change in the electrical activity of sensory neurons or other sensory cells.
237
Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:
1. A prey animal (e.g. an insect)
causes mechanical stimulation of
the ________________.
Trigger Hair
238
Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:
. This causes bending at the
_____________ zone, where you
find the ______________, formed
into a ring.
Indentation; Mechanoreceptors
239
Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:
3. The membrane of the cells in #2 has
______________-gated ____________
channels and a high concentration of the
ion ________ inside the cell.
Mechanically; Cl-; Cl-
240
Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:
4. When the trigger hair is bent, the ion
channels open, resulting in an
___________ of the ion from #3.
Efflux
241
Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:
5. This change in ion flux results in a
membrane (circle one): depolarization /
hyperpolarization of the receptor cell.
Depolarization
242
Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:
6. This activation of the
mechanosensitive ion
channels triggers a(n)
________________ that
propagates from the base of
the sensory cells
Action Potential
243
Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:
7. This propagation travels from
the sensory cells to the podium
via ___________________.
Plasmodesmata
244
Steps involved in plant mechanotransduction:
8. Propagation of #6 through the
lobe of the leaf ultimately
results in ______________
Trap closure
245
Plant cells can be electrically
excitable and can display rapid
electrical responses in the form
of __________________
action Potentials
246
Usually responds to stimuli by
gradually altering its _________
rate or its direction of
_____________
growth; growth
247
Phototropism
growth
towards or away from a light
source (positive or negative)
248
Photoreception
mechanisms of light detection that depends on
specialized light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors
249
Phytochromes
a class of photoreceptor (e.g. a blue-green
photopigment) found in plants, bacteria, and fungi used to detect light
250
Pr
* Inactive form
* Absorbs red photons
251
Prf
* Active form
* Absorbs far-red photons
252
There is a difference in the __________ at which these two forms are
produced during the day
rate
253
When converted to its active form (Pfr) by red light, this triggers
_______________
plant growth
254
Short Day Plants
* Bloom only when day length is less
than 12 hours
* Fall and Winter flowering plants
* e.g chrysanthemums, poinsettias
* High Pfr levels inhibit flowering
255
Long Day Plants
* Bloom only when day length is greater than
12 hours
* Late spring, early summer flowering plants
* e.g. coneflowers, California poppies,
lettuce, potatoes
* High Pfr levels promote flowering
256
Photoperiodism
the physiological reaction of organisms to
the length of night or a dark period
257
For short day plants, high Pfr ____________ flowering
inhibits
258
For long day plants, high Pfr _____________ Flowering
promotes
259
The length of uninterrupted _____________ is determines Pfr levels
and flower formation in both short and long day plants plants
darkness
260
If you expose a short day plant to extra
red light in the middle of the night the
short day plant ________________
will not flower
261
If you expose a long day plant to extra
red light in the middle of the night the
long day plant ________________
will flower
262
Phytochromes control many aspects of plant __________________
(germination of seeds, synthesis of chlorophyll, size, shape and
number of leaves and timing of flowering
development
263
Plants use light of different _________________
as environmental cues to trigger important
developmental transitions
wavelength
264
Mechanoreception
the ability to detect and respond to
mechanical stimuli (pressure, vibration, stretching, or other mechanical
stimuli)
265
Carnivorous plants mechanoreception
* Offensive
* Using mechanoreceptive cues to capture prey
266
Herbivores plants mechanoreception
* Defensive
* Using mechanoreceptive cues to defend against herbivory
267
Carnivorous Plants
derive some or most of their nutrients from
trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and
other arthropods
268
Trichrome
fine outgrowths
or appendages on plants
269
The venus flytrap an distinguish between living
prey and _____________
stimuli
Non-prey
270
Plasmodesmata
a thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell
walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them
271
Venus Flytrap
RULE: trap closure only occurs if there are _______________________
activated trichromes
2 sequentially
272
Non-carnivorous plants employ-similar perceptual abilities in
detecting the presence of __________________
Herbivores
273
The propagation of _______________ signals has been implicated in
meditating leaf folding in response to touch in Mimosa pudica
electrical
274
Defense mechanism for Herbivores:
Wrap the leaflets in webs that hinder __________________
Responsive closure
275
Leaf wounding significantly
prolongs the time until _________
of damaged leaves
recovery
276
M. pudica exhibits __________________ to repeated application of the
same stimulus, while remaining responsive to novel stimuli
Habituation
277
Following successive drops,
there was an an _________
in the degree of leaf
openness (habituation)
increase
278
After 30 days, they found long-term
_______________ of the habituated leaf-
folding reflex
retention
279
Gagliano et all found a relatively long-lasting _____________
behavioral change as a result of previous experience in a plant
learned
280
Matches the persistence of _____________ effects observed in many
animals
hanituation
281
_____________ may be responsible for the long-term
memory in Mimosa
Ca2+
282
Which basic taste qualities are produced by ion channels?
A. Bitter and Salty
B. Salty and sour
C. Sweet and Bitter
D. Umami and sour
B
283
How do sharks know that it is a plant in front of them and not a rock?
A- the plant has high conductance and high resistance while the rock has low conductance and high resistance
B- the plant has high conductance and low resistance while the rock has low conductance and high resistance
C- the plant has low conductance and the rock has high conductance
D- the plant and rock both have high resistance
B
284
To be smelled, an odorant molecule must be:
A. Volatile
B. Small
C. Hydrophobic
D. All of the above
D
285
Which is the correct order of the auditory pathway in bats?
a. cochlear nucleus, MGN, inferior colliculus, A1
b. MGN, A1, cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus
c. cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, MGN, A1
d. Inferior colliculus, cochlear nucleus, MGN, A1
C
286
During olfactory transduction, which ions enter the cell following the opening of cAMP-gated ion channels?
a. sodium and potassium
b. sodium and calcium
c. calcium and potassium
d. potassium and chloride
b
287
The Emerald Jewel Wasp utilizes a series of stings when attacking a cockroach in order to use it as a laying spot for its egg. What are the locations and purposes of sting 1, 2, and 3, respectively in this order?
A) Brain - paralysis, T2- femur extension if leg is covering location that egg needs to be laid, Brain again- laying egg
B) Brain- Long term pacification, T1– femur extension if leg is covering location that egg needs to be laid, T2- laying egg
C) T1- front leg paralysis, Brain- long term pacification, T2- femur extension if leg is covering location that egg needs to be laid.
D) T1- femur extension if leg is covering location that egg needs to be laid, Brain- long term pacification, T2- kills cockroach
C
288
Q: Which of the follow answer choices contains the three basic tastes that are mediated by G-Protien coupled receptors?
A. Sweet, Umami and Bitter
B. Salty, Sour, and Umami
C. Sweet, Sour, and Bitter
D. Salty, Sweet and Umami
A
289
You and your friend have a drinking contest. You win, of course, with a record of 6 drinks. When you go home, you notice you only have pickles to snack on, and you hate pickles. However, pickles don't sound so bad right now. Why?
A. Alcohol improves your olfactory sensitivity and suddenly the pickles taste a way they've never tasted before.
B. Alcohol temporarily turns off the genes that make you hate pickles.
C. Alcohol impairs olfactory sensitivity so you don't feel as much of an aversion to pickles like you normally do.
D. Alcohol impairs your sense of taste so you don't taste how awful pickles are.
C
290
What is the distinction between passive and active electroreception?
A) Active is animals sensing other animals weak bioelectric fields and passive is both sensing others and generating their own electric fields.
B) Passive is animals sensing other animals weak bioelectric fields and active is both sensing others and generating their own electric fields
C) Passive is animals sensing other animals weak bioelectric fields and active is generating their own electric fields
D) There is no such thing as active and passive electroreception
291
_____ cause a small puff of each inhalation to rise, facilitating our ability to detect odorants
a. turbinates
b. olfactory cleft
c. olfactory epithelium
d. glomeruli
e. mitral cell
A
292
Which of the following accurately describes OSNs?
A) Bipolar cells responsible for transmitting information to the brain
B) Multipolar cells found in the olfactory system that are responsible for transmitting information to the brain
C) unicellular cells located in the olfactory epithelium responsible for detecting odorants
D) Bipolar cells that connect olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb that synapse on glomerulus dendrites
A
293
Which of the following olfactory structures are found in sharks, but not humans?
A. Olfactory Epithelium
B. Olfactory Bulb
C. Olfactory Rosette
D. Olfactory Cortex
E. None of the above
C
294
As I am sure we all have seen the movie finding Nemo; Bruce, Anchor, and Chum, the three sharks who have sworn to abstain from eating fish (“Fish are friends not food”), are swimming around in the Pacific Ocean just off great barrier reef. Suddenly Chum’s attention is grabbed by a delicious looking cuttlefish off in the distance, and he succumbs to temptation due to his carnivorous nature and being on the brink of starvation. In this moment of weakness Chum darts after the cuttlefish mad with hunger and blind to his oath of friendship. Fortunately for the cuttlefish, Bruce and Anchor are able to wrangle their friend and remind him of his commitment to his fellow aqueous companions and saved the cuttlefish’s life. In Chum’s moment of weakness when his attention is first grabbed by the unsuspecting and deliciously looking cuttlefish what is happening?
A. Chum was initially alerted to the cuttlefish’s presence due to passive electroreception causing him to turn his attention/head in the direction of the fish. Since his eyes are naturally focused for objects far away he does not have to move his lens closer to the retina to clearly see the cuttlefish.
B. Chum was initially alerted to the cuttlefish’s presence due to active electroreception causing him to turn his attention/head in the direction of the fish. Since his eyes are naturally focused for objects far away he does not have to move his lens closer to the retina to clearly see the cuttlefish.
C. Chum was initially alerted to the cuttlefish’s presence due to passive electroreception causing him to turn his attention/head in the direction of the fish. Since his eyes are naturally focused for objects up close he has to move his lens further from the retina to clearly see the cuttlefish.
D. Chum was initially alerted to the cuttlefish’s presence due to active electroreception causing him to turn his attention/head in the direction of the fish. Since his eyes are naturally focused for objects up close he has to move his lens further from the retina to clearly see the cuttlefish.
A.
295
Who discovered shape pattern theory?
a) John Amoore
b) AJ Kalmijn
c) Monica Gagliano
d) Picasso
A
296
What electric frequencies are ampullary receptors most responsive too?
A. .1-20 Hz
B. 1-4 Hz
C. 10-25 Hz
D. .05-.09 Hz
A
297
Imagine you are a Great White Shark moseying through the ocean, when all of a sudden you sense prey close by. In order to visually accommodate for the nearby animal, what must you do?
A.) Move the lens closer to the retina
B.) Flatten the lens
C.) Move the lens further from the retina
D.) No change needed, sharks are nearsighted
A
298
Fish do not have a cochlea to aid them in hearing underwater. Which of the following is a type of system that fish use to hear instead of using a cochlea?
a. Otoliths
b. Lateral line
c. Swim bladder
d. None of these are correct because fish do have cochleas to hear
e. All of the above
E
299
Q: What activates the enzyme Phospholipase C?
A. IP3
B. Gustducin
C. TRP-M5
D. Ca2+ ions
B
300
Which of the following is false regarding the gustatory system and taste pathways?
A. The vagus nerve (nIX) innervates taste buds on the roof of the mouth and the back of the throat.
B. ATP is the principle transmitter at the synapses between taste cells and gustatory axons, and activates P2X channels.
C. The insular cortex is the primary cortical processing area for gustation.
D. Taste cells co-express many (if not all) T2 receptor types, which is used to discriminate tastes.
D
301
What environment would an FM bat have trouble locating prey in?
A. Above a large lake at night
B. In a tropical rainforest
C. Over a water reservoir at dusk
D. In an open field at night
B
302
Q: Congratulations, you are a now superhero with ultrasonic hearing! While out on a walk in a forest, you realize that you can now hear bats' echolocating calls while hunting for food. You hear one in particular that you focus on, and find that it stays at a constant pitch during each call. Its' call is also longer in duration than some other bats you heard earlier in a field. Remembering the types of bats from Dr. Iwaniuk's lecture, what kind of bat do you determine this one to be?
A. AM bats
B. CF-FM bats
C. FM bats
D. all bats have the same call, duh
B
303
Which of the following is true regarding olfactory systems in aquatic animals?
A. Sharks have a nasal bridge.
B. Bony fish have a nasal opening for inflow and outflow of water that connects to the nasal bridge.
C. Air breathing marine tetrapods have an olfactory sense both in and out of the water.
D. Nares are dorsally positioned in cartilaginous fish and ventrally positioned in bony fish.
B
304
In many fish species, they have evolved a reflective layer at the back of the eye to bounce light back into the retina and increase sensitivity, which is why many fish have eye shine. What is this reflective layer called?
A. Tragus
B. Tapetum
C. Otoliths
D. Ampullae of Lorenzini
B
305
Which of the following Best describes the interaction between the Emerald Jewel Wasp and the American cockroach, focusing on the neurophysiological strategies employed by the wasp resulting in the "zombification" of the cockroach?
A. The wasp injects venom that causes systemic paralysis of the cockroach, allowing it to be easily manipulated, and thus zombification occurs, after which the cockroach is consumed immediately.
B. The wasp uses its venom to paralyze the cockroach's hind legs, making it unable to escape, and then lays eggs directly into the cockroach's abdomen.
C. The wasp stings the cockroach to deliver a venom that specifically targets the central nervous system, paralyzing the front legs and altering the cockroach's escape behavior, thereby facilitating a living host environment for its larvae.
D. The wasp captures the cockroach and physically restrains it within its nest without the use of venom, relying on its physical strength to overcome the coackroach.
C
306
Which anatomical feature plays a crucial role in directing echoes and enhancing intensity and timing differences in animals with highly developed auditory capabilities?
A. Pinna
B. Cochlea
C. Tympanic membrane
D. Tragus
307
Q: By age 85, what percentage of the population has become anosmic or at least hyposmic?
A. ~50%
B. ~25%
C. ~100%
D. ~10%
308
What type of papillae are found on the tip of the tongue and are mushroom shaped?
A. Filiform papillae
B. Fungiform papillae
C. Foliage papillae
D. Circumvallate papillae
B
309
Far-red light (in the shade or in the dark) converts phytochrome from Pfr (active) to Pr (inactive) form of phytochrome & will not allow for _______?
A. Plant Growth
B. Plant-Plant Communication
C. Plant Absorption
D. Plant Decay
310
The brief silence between the moment a call is made by a bat and the returning echo is heard can help determine _________.
a. directionality of an object
b. distance of an object
c. altitude of an object
d. size of an object
B
311
Which of the following is NOT a feature that can be determined with echolocation?
A. Elevation
B. Azimuth
C. Mass
D. Distance
C
312
What is true about the Tuberous Organ?
A. It has a cluster of receptor cells at the top of the pit
B. It contains a plug that filters out low stimulus
C. Receptor cells are innervated by branches of the horizontal line nerves
D. A change in voltage doesn't mean anything
C
313
How does an emerald jewel wasp deliver such precisely placed stings to the nervous system of a cockroach?
A. Emerald jewel wasps possess keen eyesight which aids in coordination
B. Emerald jewel wasps can detect the electrical charge of the cockroaches nervous system with the use of a special sensory organ.
C. Emerald jewel wasps possess mechanoreceptive hairlike appendages on their stingers which allow them to more carefully position their stings.
D. Emerald jewel wasps immobilize their prey before attacking the nervous system.
314
The membrane of the mechanosensors in the leaf of a venus fly traps are _________ gated _________ channels.
A: Chemical, Chloride
B: Sensory, potassium
C: Mechanically, chloride
D: Ion, Sodium
315
Q: Which phrase encapsulates the concept of synaptic strengthening in accordance with Hebb's rule?
A. "Synapses sync when neurons click."
B. "Firing sparks forge synaptic arcs."
C. "Neurons that fire together, wire together."
D. "Neural beats bind synaptic feats."
316
You're watching animal planet with a friend. After discussing the wonders of the wild platypus, you mention it's even more fascinating sensory organs. How is it that the Platypi is such an adept hunter in the water?
A. Platypuses have 40,000 electrosensors on their bills
B. The platypus has an acute sense of smell
C. These creatures have a second sclera, functioning as an underwater set of goggles.
D. Their bill gives them an advanced ability to detect smells in the water.
317
What type of ion channels are opened by the bending pf the trigger hairs?
A) Ca2+
B) Na
C) K+
D) Cl-
318
Which of the following was the last sense of taste to be brought about?
a. sweet
b.sour
c. umami
d. salty
319
Which papillae shape does not contribute to human taste function?
A. Foliate
B. Circumvallate
C. Fungiform
D. Filiform
320
Where is electroreception density the highest on fish?
a. Trunk
b. Tail
c. Head
d. Dorsal fin
321
When a fly lands on a Venus fly trap, which of the following explain how the plant knows it is a fly as opposed to rain?
A) The trichromes on the plant with coil up and trigger mechanical stimulation and bending at the indentation zone when touched by the fly.
B) The plant’s mechanosensitive Na+ channels activate and cause an efflux of Na+ ions triggering an action potential due to the fly’s motion.
C) The plant will wait to sense if three or more trichromes are stimulated in a given interval by the fly.
D) The levers of two trichromes move sequentially bending the sensory cells in the indentation zone.
322
Which of the following does not correctly describe features of echolocation?
A- Subtended angle and Azimuth
B- Elevation and Distance
C- Describes Color and Absolute size
D- Velocity and Elevation
323
Which of the following animals utilize active electroreception to sense their surrounding environment?
A) Sharks
B) Bats
C) Weakly electric fishes
D) Crocodiles
324
A.
Modified Leaf
325
B.
Needle-Like Tines
326
C.
Trichromes
327
D.
Trichromes
328
E.
Lever
329
F.
Indentation Zone
330
G.
Podium
331
H.
Mechanoreceptors
