Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
A (alpha) Fibers
A
Carry information from proprioceptive
receptors in muscles and tendons
2
Q
A (alpha) Fibers
A
Carry information from proprioceptive
receptors in muscles and tendons
3
Q
A (bravo) Fiber
A
Carry information from the mechanoreceptors
in the skin on pressure and vibration
4
Q
A (delta) Fibers
A
Carry information about pain and temperature
5
Q
C Fibers
A
Carry information about pain, temperature,
and itch
6
Q
A (alpha) Fibers
A
- Thickest axons (13-20 μm)
- Myelinated
7
Q
A (bravo) Fibers
A
- Thick axons (6-12 μm)
- Myelinated
8
Q
A (delta) Fibers
A
- Thin axons (1-5 μm)
- Myelinated
9
Q
C Fibers
A
- Thinnest axons (0.2-1.5 μm)
- Unmyelinated axons
10
Q
Both diameter and myelination critically increase __________ of action potential propagation
A
speed
11
Q
_________ (thickest, myelinated)
Conduction speed: 80-120 m/s
A
A (alpha) Fibers
12
Q
_________(thick, myelinated)
Conduction speed: 35-75 m/s
A
A (bravo) Fibers
13
Q
_________ (thin, myelinated)
Conduction speed: 5-30 m/s
A
A (delta) Fibers
14
Q
_________ (thinnest, unmyelinated)
Conduction speed: 0.5-2 m/s
A
C Fibers
15
Q
Spinal Cord
A
a long, thin tubular
structure that comprises part of the
central nervous system
16
Q
Spinal Nerve
A
a mixed nerve, which
carries motor, sensory, and autonomic
signals between the spinal cord and the
body
17
Q
Doral Root
A
A bundle of axons
that enters a segment of the spinal
cord dorsally and consists mainly of
sensory axons
18
Q
Ventral Root
A
A bundle of axons
that exits a segment of the spinal
cord ventrally and consists mainly of
motor axons
19
Q
Dorsal root ganglion
A
A
small swelling in each dorsal
root that contains the cell
bodies of sensory neurons
(afferent)
20
Q
Cell bodies in the dorsal root
ganglia do not have dendrites
and give rise to just ________
A
one axon
21
Q
pseudounipolar
A
Neuron with a single process emerging from the
cell body, which splits into two major branches
22
Q
99.8% of the cell’s
cytoplasm is in the _______
A
axon
23
Q
Dorsal horn
A
a region at the back of the spinal column that
receives input from mechanoreceptors in the skin
24
Q
_______________ fiber tract
ascends to the caudal medulla and
terminates in the Dorsal column
nuclei (DCN)
A
Dorsal column
25
One branch terminates in the
___________ of the grey matter,
close to where the fibers enters
the spinal cord
dorsal horn
26
Trigeminal nerve
The fifth cranial
nerve (nV) that contains somatosensory
axons coming from the face
27
Aβ fibers in the trigeminal nerve project
to the _________________ of the
trigeminal nerve, which is located in the
caudal pons (hindbrain)
principle nucleus
28
Somatotopic Organization
Organized in such a way that adjacent
parts of the body (usually the skin) are represented at adjacent
locations in the brain
29
Ascending projections are ______________ organized
Topographically
30
Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
A
thin strip of cortex that receives input
from the dorsal thalamus
31
Homunculus
a drawing of a “little man” that is a map-like
representation of regions of the body in the brain
32
Somatosensory homunculus
A drawing of a “little man”,
showing the degree to which a part of the body is over- or
underrepresented in the somatosensory cortex
33
The overrepresented
regions (e.g. _______&
_________) are areas of
high touch acuity
hands; face
34
Barrel Cortex
A part of the rodent’s primary somatosensory
cortex (S1) that represents the whiskers
35
Exact ____________ of position of whiskers
replica
36
Lateral inhibition
The process by which neighboring neurons inhibit
each other
37
Contact between an
object and our skin
activates S1 in a
___________ pattern
that reflects the objects
shape
spatial
38
Neuronal rewiring is very common after brain injury and tends to
help restore __________________
behavioral function
39
The degree to which the occipital cortex responds to somatosensory stimuli depends on the
________________ at which the person became blind
age
40
Loss of input from the hand causes extensive “______________” in
somatosensory cortex
Remapping
41
Phantom Limb
A pain felt in the region of the body that is no
longer there (eg, due to amputation) or is no longer innervated by
sensory axons (eg, due to spinal cord injury)
42
Somatosensory inputs from the
face are ____________ to the
cortical region used to process
info from the arm or leg lost
rerouted
43
Thermoreceptor
a sensory receptor that signals
information about changes in skin temperature
44
cold fibers
a sensory
nerve fiber that fires when
skin temp decreases
45
warmth fibers
a sensory
nerve fiber that fires when
skin temp increases
46
Actual temperature is encoded by comparing __________________ of
warmth and cold receptors and that of nociceptors.
relative contribution
47
Thermally-sensitive transient receptor potential (ThermoTRP) channels
temperature-sensitive ion channels found in sensory neurons
48
TRP channels are activated over a specific _________ of temperatures
range
49
Thermoreceptors fire when we make contact with an object that is
____________________ than our skin
warmer or colder
50
Nociception
The neural process of encoding and processing
noxious stimuli
51
Noxious stimuli
Damages or threatens to damage tissue
(mechanical, thermal, or chemical)
52
Nociceptor
Afferent neuron preferentially sensitive to noxious
stimuli
53
Nociceptors have ___________________ that respond to
various types of tissue damage or to stimuli that has the
potential to damage tissue
five nerve endings
54
Thermoreceptive and nociceptive axons enter at the __________ of the
spinal cord
dorsal horn
55
Substantia gelatinosa
a dorsal region of the dorsal horn of
the spinal cord, where nociceptive axons terminate
56
Spinothalamic tract
route from the spinal cord to the brain that
carries information about skin temperature & nociceptive signals
*Terminates in dorsal thalamus, midbrain and medulla
57
Conscious perception of painful stimuli occurs in the ______________
Cortex
somatosensory
58
Axons of the spinothalamic tract
will synapse with relay nuclei in the
hindbrain and midbrain and
converge in the ______________
nucleus of the dorsal thalamus
ventral posterior
59
Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP)
a condition that
inhibits the ability to feel physical pain
60
Analgesia
decreasing pain sensation during conscious
experience
61
Exogenous opioids
chemical compounds related to opium and
are NOT produced by the organism’s own body (e.g. morphine, heroin)
62
Endogenous opioids
chemical compounds that are related to
opium and are produced by the organism’s own body (eg. endorphin)
63
_________ bind to G-protein coupled opioid receptors
Opiods
64
Neurons that express the activated opioid receptors become much less
excitable (______________)
hyperpolarized
65
Opioid receptors are located in many nociceptive axons that
terminate in the __________________
substantia gelatinosa
66
If the signal fails to reach the higher levels of the brain, then
pain is not _______________
perceived
67
placebo
decreasing pain sensitization when people
think they’re taking an analgesic drug, but aren’t
68
Activating touch sensitive axons
(AB fibers) excite inhibitory
neurons in the spinal cord that
_________ the ability of
nociceptive axons to transmit
signals to higher brain regions
reduce
69
Gate control theory
a description of the pain-transmitting system
that incorporates modulating signals from the brain
70
Can deliver weak __________________ to a patch of skin close
to the site of the chronic pain
electrical current
71
hypersensitivity
an increased or heightened
response to a normally painful stimulus
72
What cranial nerve carries sensory information from the face, sinuses, and teeth?
Trigeminal
73
Responses to continuous stimulations can include both slaw and rapid adaptation. Mechanoreceptors that are slow adapting (SA) fibers include _____ and _____, while rapid adapting (RA) fibers include _____ and _____
Merkel Disks; Ruffini endings; Meissner corpuscles; Pacinian corpuscles
74
What is the term for an individual's inability to process visual information in their left visual world when an object is present in their right visual world?
neglect
75
Which semicircular canal senses the angular motion of nodding your head "yes"?
Anterior semicircular canal
76
The vibration of the _____ activates the haircells
Basilar membrane
77
If a patient experienced damage to their arcuate fasciculus, what problems would they likely experience?
Inability to repear sentences the patient has heard (Conduction aphasia)
78
Your two friends Becky and Sam are arguing over hair cells (as one does). Becky is convinced that hair cells are neurons, but Sam vehemently disagrees, They ask you to settle this once and for all. Who do you side with and why?
You side with Sam because hair cells do not generate action potentials and do not have axons.
79
Describe Ames Room
A room that creates a forced perspective by angling both the ceiling and floor to trick your eye into thinking both sides of the room are the same.
80
If a person is able to see everything except the current object of attention, they may have what condition?
Balint syndrome
81
What causes the release of glutamate in the auditory system.
Due to the pressure wave traveling up and down the scala vestibuli and scala tympani, moving the scala media up and down. This deflection pulls the tip links that open the mechanically gated K+ channels allowing for K+ to rush into the cell depolarizing it and this depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that cause the ribbon synapse to release glutamate.
82
Which receptor would best respond if you where to stretch at the gym?
Ruffini endings
83
Which carries information about pain and temperature
A (delta) Fibers
84
Patients with Broca;s aphasia have the inability or difficulty to _____, whereas in whenicke's aphasia patients have the inability to _____.
produce articulate speech; comprehend speech
85
You and your friend are stuck in standstill traffic on a long road trip. Since you're in the passenger seat you decide to close your eyes and try to get some sleep. However, as soon as you do, the traffic miraculously clears up and you get the sensation of the car accelerating forward. You notice this sensation due to which vestibular component?
Utricular Macula
86
Which of the following is FALSE in regard to the left and right cochlea and their pathways to the lateral superior olive?
A. Lateral superior olive neurons are sensitive to interaural level differences.
B. The lateral superior olive receives excitatory projections from the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus and inhibitory input from the contralateral cochlear nucleus.
C. When the excitation is stronger than the inhibition, neurons in the lateral superior olive will increase in their firing rate.
D. When the inhibition is stronger than the excitation, neurons in the lateral superior olive will increase in their firing rate.
D) When the inhibition is stronger than the excitation, neurons in the lateral superior olive will increase in their firing rate.
87
Which of the following descriptions of the type of nerve fibers that transmit somatosensory information to the brain is INCORRECT?
A. A-alpha fibers have the thickest axon diameter, are myelinated, and have the fastest conduction speed. They carry information from proprioceptive receptors that innervate muscles and tendons.
B. A-beta fibers have thick axon diameters and are myelinated, with a fast conduction speed. They carry information from mechanoreceptors in the skin that sense touch, pressure, and vibration.
C. A-delta fibers have thin axon diameters, are unmyelinated, and have a slow conduction speed. They carry information from free nerve endings that can sense pain, temperature, and itch.
D. C-fibers have the thinnest diameter, are unmyelinated, and have the slowest conduction speed. This type carries information that can sense pain, temperature, and itch.
C. A-delta fibers have thin axon diameters, are unmyelinated, and have a slow conduction speed. They carry information from free nerve endings that can sense pain, temperature, and itch.
88
The airway above the larynx used for the production of speech is referred to as what...
Vocal tract
89
What nerve fiber is characterized by its lack of myelination and slow condcution speed?
Node C
90
What is the relationship between sound frequency and the location of maximal basilar membrane vibration?
Low frequency is neer the cochlear apex and high frequecny is near the cochlear base
91
Which type of spatial attention involves the superior colliculus
Involuntary spatial attention
92
What is the name of the thin filament connecting the sterocilium together in the inner ear
Tip links
93
What order does sound wave travel via the cochlea
up the scala vestibula, down the scala tympani
94
What is it called when hearing loss occurs due to defects in the cochlea or auditory nerve
Sensorineural hearing loss
95
Which of these structures is part of the inner ear?
A. Pinna
B. Tympanic membrane
C. Oval Window
D. Cochlea
D the cochlea
96
Which receptor is located at the epidermis.dermis border, detect light, and are responsive to sustained pressure and touch
Merkel Disks
97
Which of the following sensory functions is primarily associated with Pacinian corpuscles?
a) Detecting changes in head position and linear acceleration
b) Sensing light touch and texture on the skin's surface
c) Monitoring muscle tension and joint position
d) Perceiving vibrations and deep pressure in tissues
d) Perceiving vibrations and deep pressure in tissues
98
_______ is sensitive to the acceleration/deceleration of the head forwards, backward, and sideways, whereas _____ is sensitive to the acceleration,/deceleration of the head upwards, downwards, and effects of gravity.
Utricle; saccule
99
What is the correct order of steps of the triggering of a saccade?
A: a light flashes in your visual field
B: signal goes to the deep layers of the Superior Colliculus
C: visual activity is generated in the superficial layers of the Superior Colliculus
D. eye saccade towards the light is triggered
ACBD
100
What is the second tinniest but still myelinated sensory fiber
A (delta) Fiber
101
Touch receptors in the mouth and face project information to which area?
Priciple Trigeminal Nucleus
102
Yikes, there are flies buzzing all around! Which mechanoreceptors are going to respond to a fly landing on your arm and then crawling down to your hand?
Merkel Discs and Meissner Corpuscles
103
Meissner Corpuscles, which respond to frequencies between 3-40hz, specialize in what kind of perception?
Pressure
104
What is one part of the ear that could be damaged in sensorineural hearing loss?
Cochlea
105
Becky always knows her mother has arrived home when she feels the vibrations from her car in the driveway. Which type of mechanoreceptor and adaptive response is Becky experiencing?
Pacinian corpuscle with fast, beginning and ending firings
106
Which nerve fiber type is the fastest?
A (alpha) Fiber
107
Which pairing is incorrect?
A. Markel disks - Pressure discrimination
B. Ruffini endings- Continuous pressure
C. Pacinian corpuscles- light pressure sensors
D. Meissner corpuscle- deep pressure sensors
C. Pacinian corpuscles- light pressure sensors
108
Which of the following is false about binocular depth cues?
A. The horopter is the location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points.
B. An object on the horopter with corresponding retinal points has a binocular disparity of zero.
C. The shorter the distance in depth of object from the horopter, the larger the binocular disparity.
D. Images of objects fall on corresponding points is they are the same distance from the fovea in both eyes.
C. The shorter the distance in depth of object from the horopter, the larger the binocular disparity.
109
Your Brother decided to branch-out with his talents & recently took-up the Drums after hearing TNT by AC/DC as his Baseball Walk-up Song. Although you feel like your Ear Drums are going to burst, you support him hoping he'll be a professional in either one day - to give him a leg-up at his lessons, you explain to him which Cortices are responsible for how he perceives speech & music:
Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) identifies fundamental elements of music like pitch & loudness, Belt Area (A2) is involved in processing Rhythm as well as a difference/anomaly in Melody, & Parabelt Area (A3) is involved in processing Rhythm
110
What information is represented laterally in the DCN?
Arms and Upper trunk
111
our cat gently brushes against your arm, and it gives you a slight tickling sensation. What structure-- found only in not glabrous skin-- is the reason for this phenomenon?
Root hair plexus', which detect the motion of hair cells
112
Which vestibular structure is responsible for sensing vertical acceleration?
saccular macula
113
You sat outside without sunscreen for several hours in direct sunlight. Once you got inside, you notice that you feel a sharp pain and then a tingling/chilling sensation once in the shower when water goes over the skin. You get out of the shower and notice that your shoulders and chest are very bright red and starting to blister. A few days later you till get a throbbing/ tingling sensation if someone toucher the area or if you bump into anything. What is the correct order of events that lead your body to deliver the message that you had injured tissue in responce to the severe sunburn you suffered?
A-delta channels fire, presenting with a sharp pain, letting you know you have sustained an injury. C-fibers fire and deliver the sensation of tingling/throbbing to let you know that you have sustained an injury and will continue to fire until the injury heals. Because your sunburn is so severe, TRP-A1 and TRP-V2 channels fire, causing you to feel chills in the aftermath of the development of the severe sunburn and your shower.
114
How does changing the vocal tract's shape affect speech production?
Alters energy at different frequencies
115
Which perceptions is correlated with Meissner corpuscle receptors?
Pressure
116
Meissner corpuscles perceive...
pressure
117
A-alpha fibers are the ________and so the ________transmitting nerve fiber
thickest, fastest
118
Utricles are sensitive to the head moving __________ (direction), saccules are sensitive to the head moving ________ (direction)
forward/backward/sideways, up/down/gravity
119
Which of the following are true regarding the vestibular system?
A: The semicircular canals are located in the inner ear and are used to detect linear motion and tilt.
B: The ampulla is the part of the otoliths where transduction of linear motion occurs.
C: The otoconia are small stones in the ear which provide inertial mass to sense acceleration.
D: There are 3 semicircular canals and 3 otoliths that make up the vestibular labyrinth.
C: The otoconia are small stones in the ear which provide inertial mass to sense acceleration.
120
The 2nd order neuron in the posterior column pathway passes from the:
Medulla to thalamus
121
Which of the following is NOT a monocular depth cue?
a. Occlusion
b. RelaEve Height
c. Convergence
d. Texture Gradient
e. Aerial PerspecEve
c
122
You are driving, looking ahead. In your peripheral vision, a cyclist suddenly appears. This is
_____ aXenEon.
a. Overt, voluntary
b. Overt, involuntary
c. Covert, voluntary
d. Covert, involuntary
b
123
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the superior colliculus?
a. Weak sEmulaEon generates overt shi[s in aXenEon
b. Strong sEmulaEon generates covert shi[s in aXenEon
c. It is closely linked to involuntary shi[s in visual spaEal aXenEon
d. It is involved in compuEng "top down" saliency
c
124
The amplitude of a sound is the:
a. amount of sound energy falling on a unit area
b. frequency of the sound
c. magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave
d. psychological aspect of sound related to frequency
e. pitch
c
125
Which structures are ALL classified as part of the middle ear?
a. Pinna, Ear Canal, Tympanic Membrane
b. Oval Window, Ossicles, Tympanic Membrane
c. Ossicles, Cochlea, Tympanic Membrane
d. Ossicles, Ear Canal, Pinna
b
126
If everything except the current object of aXenEon is blocked from conscious percepEon,
this would suggest
a. Balint Syndrome
b. Neglect
c. ExEncEon
d. Le[ parietal lobe damage
c
127
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning how sound is transduced?
a. The scala media contains perilymph, creaEng an electrical gradient
b. Movement of the basilar membrane ulEmately causes hair cells to bend
c. Hair cells have voltage-gated K+ channels that open when hair cells deflect
d. When the stereocilia are straight Ep links are pulled taught
b
128
Consider the auditory pathway; which structure in the path receives direct informaEon from
the superior olives?
a. inferior colliculus
b. medial geniculate nucleus
c. primary auditory cortex
d. cochlear nucleus
a
129
Which of the following statements is TRUE when a sound is heard off to your le[?
a. The right lateral superior olive is excited by the le[ cochlear nucleus
b. The medial superior olive is sensiEve to ILDs, & sends the informaEon on
c. ExcitaEon by le[ cochlear nucleus is stronger than inhibiEon from right
d. The sound will be loudest to your right ear
a
130
How do we encode sound frequencies?
a. The higher the pitch, the more neurotransmiXer that is released
b. Sound frequencies are only encoded in the primary auditory cortex
c. The lower the frequency, the fewer the # of hair cells are acEvated
d. Sound frequencies vibrate at different areas of the basilar membrane
d
131
If someone can produce speech but can't comprehend words, what region of the brain do
you predict is impaired?
a. Broca's area
b. Wernicke's area
c. Primary auditory cortex (A1)
d. Arcuate fasciculus
b
132
An octave is the
a. amplitude of a piece of music
b. interval between two sound frequencies having a raEo of 2:1
c. frequency range of a parEcular piece of music
d. musical distance between two chords
e. absolute frequency difference between two notes in the same interval
b
133
Which five organs make up the vesEbular system?
a. One semicircular canal and four otolith organs
b. Two semicircular canals and three otolith organs
c. Three semicircular canals and two otolith organs
d. Two semicircular canals, two otolith organs, and one cochlea
b
134
If you close your eyes and nod your head "yes”, you are experiencing _______, which is
registered by your _____.
a. angular moEon; otolith organs
b. linear moEon; otolith organs
c. linear moEon; semicircular canals
d. angular moEon; semicircular canals
e. Elt; otolith organs
d
135
If, for some unfortunate reason, your utricular maculae was destroyed, what do you predict
the impact would be?
a. You would struggle to sense gravity
b. You would not sense when a car accelerates without visual cues
c. Your vesEbulo-ocular reflex would be impaired
d. You would not sense when an elevator starts to ascend without visual cues
b
136
The two mechanoreceptors with large recepEve fields (and therefore low touch acuity) are:
a. Meissner corpuscles & Pacinian corpuscles
b. Pacinian corpuscles & Ruffini endings
c. Ruffini endings & Merkel disks
d. Merkel disks & Meissner corpuscles
b
137
Which funcEonality would be most affected if you lost your Meissner touch receptors?
a. Texture and high-resoluEon paXern percepEon, like for reading Braille
b. SensiEvity to stretching the skin to hold an object
c. The ability to feel the vibraEons from a car driving by
d. The ability to sense cold and warmth of objects touching the skin
a
138
If you stand sEll in one place for awhile without moving, you eventually won't feel the
boXom of your feet. This is mostly due to:
a. The large recepEve fields of Merkel disks
b. The rapid adapEng response of Pacinian corpuscles
c. The small recepEve fields of Ruffini endings
d. The slow adapEng response of Meissner corpuscles
b
139
Which statement is FALSE concerning touch receptors in the mouth and face?
a. They are represented laterally in the dorsal column nucleus
b. They project to the principal trigeminal nucleus via the trigeminal nerve
c. Info converges with body touch informaEon in the dorsal thalamus
d. Info is conveyed to the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex
a
140
You are looking at axon conducEon velocity and can't find any axons that conduct APs faster
than 2 m/s. They are likely:
a. A-alpha fibers
b. A-beta fibers
c. A-delta fibers
d. C fibers
d
141
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the dorsal root ganglion (DRG)?
a. It contains the cell bodies of motor neurons
b. The cell bodies within the DRG are pseudounipolar in shape
c. Cell bodies in the DRG do not have axons and give rise to just one dendrite
d. Sensory axons from the DRG enter the spinal cord ventrally
b
142
Name the region of a rodent’s somatosensory cortex that represents the whiskers.
Barrel cortex
143
A small and rapid movement, most often of the eyes, is called a
Saccade
144
Consider the “bottom up” neural circuits for this: Name any three brain regions that are
responsible for controlling this movement.
a. Superior Colliculus
b. Saccade Generator region (either midbrain, pontine, or medullary reticular
formation)
c. Eye muscle motor neurons: (either oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei)
145
I am a region of the medulla where the first convergence of auditory information occurs.
Specifically, I am responsible for measuring interaural time differences (ITDs)
Medial superior olive
146
I am a cortical area that lies anterior to the premotor cortex. I play a major role in
controlling attention, specifically voluntary shifts in visual spatial attention. In particular, I am critical in
helping to determine the location of your next saccade....
Frontal eye fields
147
I am an encapsulated nerve ending located deep in the dermis, among the sub-
cutaneous fat. I have a large receptive field and, if you've been standing in one place for a while, you
no longer feel sensation on the bottom of your feet because of me. But, when someone jumps nearby,
causing vibrations in the floor, I will quickly respond.
Pacinian corpuscle
148
I’m a sensory nerve ending embedded in the tendon that can sense changes in muscle
tension. I provide critical information about the force with which a muscle pulls on a tendon. If there’s
too much tension, I will inhibit the muscle from creating any force to prevent injury.
Golgi tendon organ
149
I was a Canadian neurosurgeon who was performing brain surgery on patients to try to
alleviate epilepsy. Because there are no pain receptors in the brain, I was able electrically stimulate
regions of the cortex and ask awake patients where they felt sensations. I used this information to
create a map-like representation of regions of the body in the brain.
Wilder Penfield
150
I am a region of the cortex, found directly adjacent (in a concentric ring) to A1. My
neurons respond best to more complex characteristics of sounds, including processing rhythm and
detecting a difference or anomaly in a melody.
Belt area (A2)
151
Following activation of a hair cell in the cochlea, information is going to travel along the (a)
_____ branch of the (b) _____ cranial nerve to the brain.
(a) auditory nerve (or cochlear nerve) (b) vestibulocochlear (nVIII)
152
An opioid binds to a (a) _______ -coupled opioid receptor, which dissociates and activates the enzyme,
(b) _______. This enzyme reduces production of the second messenger (c) _______ which causes Ca2+
channels to (d) (choose one) open / close and K+ channels to (e) (choose one) open / close. This change
in ion flux causes a membrane (f) _______ when activated by an opioid
(a) g-protein (b) Adenylate cyclase
(c) cAMP (d) close
(e) open (f) hyperpolarization
153
What is the name for a long cilium that sits next to the tallest stereocilium of a vestibular
hair cell?
Kinocilium
154
If you met a patient who could produce speech, but had lost the ability to comprehend it,
what region of the brain in the language circuit do you predict has been damaged?
Wernicke’s area
155
1. Fluid inside the scala media is called (a) ___________ which has a (b) ______ concentration of
K+ ions
2. Fluid inside surrounding the body of the hair cell is called (a) ___________ which has a (b)
______ concentration of K+ ions
1a. Endolymph 1b. High
2a. Perilymph 2b. Low
156
At high temperatures (43ºC) or when in contact with capsaicin, the _________
channel is activated.
TRP-V1
157
If nociceptors are activated following a sharp cut to your skin, information on the first pain
will likely travel to the brain from via (a) ________ fibers along the (b) ____________ tract
a. Ad fibers b. Neospinothalamic tract
158
In a hair cell of the inner ear, what is the name for a type of chemical synapse in which
numerous synaptic vesicles are arranged around a central electron dense structure that can tether 100
or more vesicles ready to be released?
Ribbon Synapse
159
Occlusion:
a cue relative to depth order in which one object obstructs the view of part of
another object. If an object is closer to you, it will obstruct your view of the object behind it
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Texture Gradient:
A depth cue based on the geometric fact that items of the same size form
smaller images when they are further away. So, our visual system assumes objects of
decreasing size are increasingly further away.
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Relative Height
A depth cue where objects further away will be seen as higher on the
image. So, the smaller image of a more distant object will be projected higher in your visual
field
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Aerial Perspective
a depth cue based on our implicit understanding that light is scattered
by the atmosphere. More light is scattered when we look through more atmosphere, so
objects farther away are subject to more scatter and appear fainter and less distinct
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Linear Perspective
depth cue based on the fact that lines that are parallel in the 3D world
will appear to converge in a 2D image as they extend into the distance towards a vanishing
point
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What is the term for an auditory distance cue based on the sound absorbing qualities of
air, which dampen high frequencies more than low frequencies?
Spectral Composition
