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Pathophysiology > Exam 3 main points > Flashcards

Exam 3 main points Flashcards

1
Q
  • One sided

- Episodic (days, weeks, or months)

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia

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2
Q
  • Unilateral
  • More common in men
  • “alarm clock headache”
A

Cluster Headaches

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3
Q
  • NSAIDS can help

- Bilateral

A

Tension headach

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4
Q
  • Vasodilation/vasospasm and stretch of nerves: inflammation

- Unilateral (70%), women

A

Migraine headach

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5
Q

Meningococcal meningitis caused by?

A

Meningococcal meningitis (caused by Neisseria meningitidis) usually causes a petechial rash

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6
Q

CSF for Meningitis & Encephalitis

  • Bacterial
  • Viral
A

CSF:
Bacterial> cloudy, ↑neutrophil and protein levels, ↓ glucose levels
Viral> ↑ Lymphocyte count, mild to mod. protein elevation, normal glucose levels

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7
Q

Encephalitis is most commonly caused by?

A

most commonly viral

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8
Q

Tx for temporal arteritis (AKA Giant Cell Arteritis)

A

Corticosteroids (1-2 years)

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9
Q
  • Epidural/Extradural- bleeding in epidural space >

- Subdural- bleeding in subdural space >

A
  • Epidural/Extradural- bleeding in epidural space > fast

- Subdural- bleeding in subdural space > fast/slow

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10
Q

Epidural Hematoma almost always results from?

Underlying brain usually minimally damaged; neurological deficits & HA begin within?

A
  • Almost always results from skull fracture (temporal bone) & middle meningeal artery laceration & bleeding
    Underlying brain usually minimally damaged; neurological deficits & HA begin within hours
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11
Q

Subdural Hematoma Effects begin?

A

Effects begin 48 hrs post trauma: HA, confusion

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12
Q

Rupture: “Worst HA of my life” with or without LOC, neurological S/S

A

Aneurysm

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13
Q

Mostly benign tumors

A

Pituitary Adenoma

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14
Q

Sensation that YOU ARE spinning =

A

subjective vertigo

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15
Q

Sensation that the room is spinning =

A

objective vertigo

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16
Q

Triad > Vertigo, Tinnitus, Hearing loss

A

Meniere’s Disease

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17
Q 
- Testing
TSH, T3/4, radioactive thyroid uptake scan
-Goiter
-pretibial myxedema 
-exophthalmos
A

Grave’s disease

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18
Q

(protrusion of eyes)

A

Graves’ ophthalmopathy

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19
Q

Cause :Extra stress: infection, emotional distress, etc..

A

Thyroid Crisis (Storm)

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20
Q

NO exophthalamos or pretibial myxedema

A

Toxic Nodular Goiter (TNG)

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21
Q

Classic triad: diaphoresis, episodic HA, tachycardia

A

Pheochromocytoma

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22
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Panic Disorders (PD)

23
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

A

Anxiety Disorder Treatment

24
Q

SSRI (Serotonin Specific Reuptake Inhibitor

A

Neurotransmitter Reuptake

25
Start around 30 years of age Life expectancy is about 60 yrs old Hereditary Dementia is early stage, with chorea
Huntington’s Disease
26
Antiproliferative factor prevents new cell growth in lining of bladder. Can lead to Hunner Ulcers - w/o bacteria
Interstitial Cystitis
27
Patient is not in photo She keeps coming up with excuses to her friends for not going to trampoline world The real reason is she gets embarrassed Every time she jumps or laughs she can’t hold it! -Patient learns that she just has weak pelvic floor muscles, and its not her fault!
Stress Incontinence
28
Patient presents confused and easily disoriented Has been in pain lately and noticed some blood in her urine At least, she thought she saw blood but can’t remember. She is having a hard time remembering anything lately Patient recently had catheter removed after surgical procedure After finding bacteria in a UA, craziness can be helped with antibiotics & Granny can get back to feeling herself again
Dementia from Urinary Tract Infection
29
This is the patient. Has urgency to go, but only dribbles Pt says this happens frequently. None of the women he knows has this problem Feels it is ruining his rep Common in men over 40 Causes frequency and urgency Men need to start getting tested at age 40 for BPH
BPH
30
Mary is afraid to go to work She has had this job for years Now she is afraid of getting eaten by a shark Mary works at the beach, but has never actually seen a shark before Mary sells ice cream by the beach and never even gets near the water
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
31
He hit his head about two weeks ago Now he is suffering from severe headaches Starting to get dizzy and eyes are blurry Took weeks to notice, slow bleeding. Sometimes patient doesn’t even remember exact trauma that caused it
Chronic Subdural Hemotoma
32
Patient has noticed weird symptoms lately Not only has she had desire to shave head and act irrational She also has noticed she is lactating but not pregnant
Pituitary Adenoma Pituitary gland controls prolactin. A pituitary tumor could cause stimulation of prolactin when not needed in body Could also affect HGH – Acromegaly, or cortisol levels – Cushings Syndrome
33
This is the patient Feels like he is getting sweaty all of a sudden Feels his heart rate rapidly increasing Remembers something doctor said about taking medication for Grave’s Disease – now feels maybe he should have filled the prescription
Thyroid Crisis Medical emergency if not treated with PTU Thyroid gland instantly goes into overdrive Will also cause delirium with N/V and diarrhea Death likely if not treated immediately!
34
bilateral cerebral hemisphere involvement or RAS dysfunction
Coma
35
- Not normal part of aging | - Progressive failure of cerebral functions
Dementia
36
``` - Signs and Symptoms Amyloid plaques Neurofibrillary tangles - chromosome 21 - Beta Amyloid plaques between cells - Neurofibrillary Tangles of twisted strands of protein ```
Alzheimer’s Disease
37
- Cortex shrinks - Hippocampus shrinks - Ventricles enlarge
Alzheimer’s Disease
38
- Genetic- Autosomal dominant (Chromosome 4)loss of - GABA neurons (inhibitory) within basal ganglia - HD gene - CAG repeats indicates HD risk
Huntington’s Disease
39
Early in the disease, the D2 receptors involved in the INDIRECT pathway get destroyed – chorea (jerky, writhing, involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face) results Later in the disease the D1 receptors in the DIRECT pathway get destroyed as well – bradykinesia (diminished movement results
Basal Ganglia’s Role in Huntington’s Disease
40
- Post-ictal period, that may last minutes to hours - ALOC | - involves both brain hemispheres
Tonic - Clonic Seizures
41
Often accompanied by automatism | person may make chewing, lip smacking, picking or other non-purposeful involuntary motions
Complex Partial Seizure
42
thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency | - Confabulations
Wernicke - Korsakoff Syndrome
43
- depletion of dopamine | - Loss of substantia nigra dopamine-producing neurons; excess cholinergic activity in basal ganglia
Parkinson's disease
44
- (bronchogenic cancer *most common) | - ↓Serum osmolarity vs.↑Urine osmolarity
SIADH Syndrome Of Inappropriate ADH Secretion
45
Polyuria and polydipsia | ↑Serum osmolarity vs. ↓Urine osmolarity
Diabetes Insipidus
46
More common at rectum and sigmoid colon - Left sided pain more common -Risk of colon cancer increases if patient has UC for >10 yrs Pseudopolyps due to continued healing of ulcers
Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
47
both small and large intestines Rectum is seldom involved Ascending and transverse colon main sites - “Skip” lesions, transmural inflammation - Ileum involved: Malabsorption of Vit B12 - cobblestoning
Crohn's disease
48
Anticholinergic medications – cause lack of bowel motility and urine retention
Ileus (Intestinal Obstruction)
49
``` Maternal age 35 – 1/385 40 – 1/106 45 – 1/30 - leukemia (ALL) ```
Down Syndrome
50
XXY
Klinefelter's syndrome
51
X only
Turner's syndrome, 45x
52
autosomal recessive
Primordial dwarfism
53
autosomal dominant
Achondroplasia

Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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