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Pathophysiology > Exam 3 main points > Flashcards

Exam 3 main points Flashcards

1
Q
  • One sided

- Episodic (days, weeks, or months)

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia

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2
Q
  • Unilateral
  • More common in men
  • “alarm clock headache”
A

Cluster Headaches

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3
Q
  • NSAIDS can help

- Bilateral

A

Tension headach

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4
Q
  • Vasodilation/vasospasm and stretch of nerves: inflammation

- Unilateral (70%), women

A

Migraine headach

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5
Q

Meningococcal meningitis caused by?

A

Meningococcal meningitis (caused by Neisseria meningitidis) usually causes a petechial rash

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6
Q

CSF for Meningitis & Encephalitis

  • Bacterial
  • Viral
A

CSF:
Bacterial> cloudy, ↑neutrophil and protein levels, ↓ glucose levels
Viral> ↑ Lymphocyte count, mild to mod. protein elevation, normal glucose levels

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7
Q

Encephalitis is most commonly caused by?

A

most commonly viral

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8
Q

Tx for temporal arteritis (AKA Giant Cell Arteritis)

A

Corticosteroids (1-2 years)

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9
Q
  • Epidural/Extradural- bleeding in epidural space >

- Subdural- bleeding in subdural space >

A
  • Epidural/Extradural- bleeding in epidural space > fast

- Subdural- bleeding in subdural space > fast/slow

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10
Q

Epidural Hematoma almost always results from?

Underlying brain usually minimally damaged; neurological deficits & HA begin within?

A
  • Almost always results from skull fracture (temporal bone) & middle meningeal artery laceration & bleeding
    Underlying brain usually minimally damaged; neurological deficits & HA begin within hours
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11
Q

Subdural Hematoma Effects begin?

A

Effects begin 48 hrs post trauma: HA, confusion

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12
Q

Rupture: “Worst HA of my life” with or without LOC, neurological S/S

A

Aneurysm

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13
Q

Mostly benign tumors

A

Pituitary Adenoma

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14
Q

Sensation that YOU ARE spinning =

A

subjective vertigo

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15
Q

Sensation that the room is spinning =

A

objective vertigo

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16
Q

Triad > Vertigo, Tinnitus, Hearing loss

A

Meniere’s Disease

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17
Q 
- Testing
TSH, T3/4, radioactive thyroid uptake scan
-Goiter
-pretibial myxedema 
-exophthalmos
A

Grave’s disease

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18
Q

(protrusion of eyes)

A

Graves’ ophthalmopathy

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19
Q

Cause :Extra stress: infection, emotional distress, etc..

A

Thyroid Crisis (Storm)

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20
Q

NO exophthalamos or pretibial myxedema

A

Toxic Nodular Goiter (TNG)

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21
Q

Classic triad: diaphoresis, episodic HA, tachycardia

A

Pheochromocytoma

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22
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Panic Disorders (PD)

23
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

A

Anxiety Disorder Treatment

24
Q

SSRI (Serotonin Specific Reuptake Inhibitor

A

Neurotransmitter Reuptake

25
Q

Start around 30 years of age

Life expectancy is about 60 yrs old

Hereditary

Dementia is early stage, with chorea

A

Huntington’s Disease

26
Q

Antiproliferative factor prevents new cell growth in lining of bladder. Can lead to Hunner Ulcers
- w/o bacteria

A

Interstitial Cystitis

27
Q

Patient is not in photo
She keeps coming up with excuses to her friends for not going to trampoline world
The real reason is she gets embarrassed
Every time she jumps or laughs she can’t hold it! -Patient learns that she just has weak pelvic floor muscles, and its not her fault!

A

Stress Incontinence

28
Q

Patient presents confused and easily disoriented
Has been in pain lately and noticed some blood in her urine
At least, she thought she saw blood but can’t remember. She is having a hard time remembering anything lately

Patient recently had catheter removed after surgical procedure After finding bacteria in a UA, craziness can be helped with antibiotics & Granny can get back to feeling herself again

A

Dementia from Urinary Tract Infection

29
Q

This is the patient.
Has urgency to go, but only dribbles
Pt says this happens frequently.
None of the women he knows has this problem

Feels it is ruining his rep Common in men over 40

Causes frequency and urgency

Men need to start getting tested at age 40 for BPH

A

BPH

30
Q

Mary is afraid to go to work
She has had this job for years
Now she is afraid of getting eaten by a shark
Mary works at the beach, but has never actually seen a shark before Mary sells ice cream by the beach and never even gets near the water

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

31
Q

He hit his head about two weeks ago
Now he is suffering from severe headaches
Starting to get dizzy and eyes are blurry Took weeks to notice, slow bleeding. Sometimes patient doesn’t even remember exact trauma that caused it

A

Chronic Subdural Hemotoma

32
Q

Patient has noticed weird symptoms lately

Not only has she had desire to shave head and act irrational
She also has noticed she is lactating but not pregnant

A

Pituitary Adenoma
Pituitary gland controls prolactin. A pituitary tumor could cause stimulation of prolactin when not needed in body

Could also affect HGH – Acromegaly, or cortisol levels – Cushings Syndrome

33
Q

This is the patient
Feels like he is getting sweaty all of a sudden

Feels his heart rate rapidly increasing

Remembers something doctor said about taking medication for Grave’s Disease – now feels maybe he should have filled the prescription

A

Thyroid Crisis
Medical emergency if not treated with PTU

Thyroid gland instantly goes into overdrive

Will also cause delirium with N/V and diarrhea

Death likely if not treated immediately!

34
Q

bilateral cerebral hemisphere involvement or RAS dysfunction

A

Coma

35
Q
  • Not normal part of aging

- Progressive failure of cerebral functions

A

Dementia

36
Q 
- Signs and Symptoms
Amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles 
- chromosome 21 
- Beta Amyloid plaques between cells
- Neurofibrillary Tangles of twisted strands of protein
A

Alzheimer’s Disease

37
Q
  • Cortex shrinks
  • Hippocampus shrinks
  • Ventricles enlarge
A

Alzheimer’s Disease

38
Q
  • Genetic- Autosomal dominant (Chromosome 4)loss of
  • GABA neurons (inhibitory) within basal ganglia
  • HD gene - CAG repeats indicates HD risk
A

Huntington’s Disease

39
Q

Early in the disease, the D2 receptors involved in the INDIRECT pathway get destroyed – chorea (jerky, writhing, involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face) results
Later in the disease the D1 receptors in the DIRECT pathway get destroyed as well – bradykinesia (diminished movement results

A

Basal Ganglia’s Role in Huntington’s Disease

40
Q
  • Post-ictal period, that may last minutes to hours - ALOC

- involves both brain hemispheres

A

Tonic - Clonic Seizures

41
Q

Often accompanied by automatism

person may make chewing, lip smacking, picking or other non-purposeful involuntary motions

A

Complex Partial Seizure

42
Q

thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency

- Confabulations

A

Wernicke - Korsakoff Syndrome

43
Q
  • depletion of dopamine

- Loss of substantia nigra dopamine-producing neurons; excess cholinergic activity in basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease

44
Q
  • (bronchogenic cancer *most common)

- ↓Serum osmolarity vs.↑Urine osmolarity

A

SIADH Syndrome Of Inappropriate ADH Secretion

45
Q

Polyuria and polydipsia

↑Serum osmolarity vs. ↓Urine osmolarity

A

Diabetes Insipidus

46
Q

More common at rectum and sigmoid colon
- Left sided pain more common
-Risk of colon cancer increases if patient has UC for >10 yrs
Pseudopolyps due to continued healing of ulcers

A

Ulcerative Colitis (UC)

47
Q

both small and large intestines
Rectum is seldom involved
Ascending and transverse colon main sites
- “Skip” lesions, transmural inflammation
- Ileum involved: Malabsorption of Vit B12
- cobblestoning

A

Crohn’s disease

48
Q

Anticholinergic medications – cause lack of bowel motility and urine retention

A

Ileus (Intestinal Obstruction)

49
Q 
Maternal age
35 – 1/385
40 – 1/106
45 – 1/30
- leukemia (ALL)
A

Down Syndrome

50
Q

XXY

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

51
Q

X only

A

Turner’s syndrome, 45x

52
Q

autosomal recessive

A

Primordial dwarfism

53
Q

autosomal dominant

A

Achondroplasia

Pathophysiology (22 decks)

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