Exam 3 - Lecture Review Sheet Flashcards
Pulmonary parenchyma
Essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and
alveoli.
Laryngectomy
removal of the voice box
Phren/o
diaphragm
Asbestosis
Asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs.
Orthopnea
abnormal condition in which breathing (-pnea) is easier in the
upright position
Pyothorax
collection of pus in the pleural cavity
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus—toxoids for vaccination of infants, to provide immunity to these diseases
Lung sounds
-pleural rub: Scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each
other.
-rales (crackles): Fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when
there is fluid in the alveoli.
- rhonchi: Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum.
- stridor
- wheezes: Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing.
Stridor
Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by
obstruction in the pharynx or larynx.
throat abscess, airway injury, croup, allergic reaction, or epiglottitis and laryngitis
Lung collapse
Pneumothorax - air in pleural cavity
Rhinorrhea vs. expectoration
runny nose
Clearing of secretions from the airway by coughing or spitting
Pulmonary abscess
Large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs.
Hemoptysis
Spitting up blood from the respiratory tract, a sign of bleeding and disease within the bronchial tubes and lungs.
COPD
Chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs.
Caused by smoking, air pollution, chronic infection, and, in a minority of cases, asthma.
chronic bronchitis COPD are referred to as “blue bloaters”
emphysema are called “pink puffers”
Endoscopic exam of lungs
bronchoscopy
Hypercapnia vs hypoxemia
excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood
Incision into the chest
thoracotomy
Rod shaped bacteria
cause of tuberculosis
To examine the voice box visually
laryngoscopy
Blood protein
hemoglobin
vaccination
Exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response
parts of long bones
diaphysis epiphysis epiphyseal line or plate metaphysis - flared portion periosteum - outter Compact (cortical) bone - mid haversian canals - waste remove medullary cavity - yellow bone Cancellous bone - spongy
differentiate anemia
aplastic anemia - Failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
hemolytic anemia - Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction
pernicious anemia - Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12
into the bloodstream
sickle cell anemia
thalassemia - Inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia
immature blood cells
erythroblast
Polycythemia vs hemochromatosis
General increase in red blood cells (erythremia)
Excess iron deposits throughout the body
Hemophilia
Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting.
Coagulation time vs erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
Speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
Hematocrit vs sed rate
Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Edema vs petechiae
(swelling) results when too much fluid from blood “leaks” out
into tissues
tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages
Immunoglobulins
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
antibodies that bind to and sometimes destroy antigens (foreign substances)
relapse vs remission
when disease symptoms and signs reappear
disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease
interstitial fluid
fluid that surrounds body cells
passes continuously into specialized thin-walled vessels called lymph capillaries, which are found coursing through tissue spaces
Areas of lymph nodes
axillary nodes cervical nodes inguinal nodes mediastinal nodes mesenteric nodes paraaortic nodes
T-cells - What, where produced
present in nodes, T lymphocytes
T cells originate in the thymus gland
T cells recognize and remember
specific antigens and produce stronger attacks each time the antigen is encountered.
Tonsils vs adenoids
masses of lymph tissue in the throat near the back of the mouth (oropharynx)
enlarged lymph tissue in the part of the throat near the nasal passages (nasopharynx)
bone marrow
B cells, lymphocytes and monocytes
Platelets, actually blood cell fragments, are formed in bone marrow from giant cells
with multilobed nuclei called megakaryocytes
Lymphocytosis
ncrease in the number or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood
HIV
Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS.
Hodgkin Disease
Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph
nodes. This disease is characterized by lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes enlarge), splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite
Herpes simplex
Viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals. Herpes simplex virus also can cause encephalitis
skin cancer seen in AIDS
Kaposi sarcoma (a cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark purplish skin nodules)
Opportunistic lung disease seen in AIDS
histoplasmosis (Histo)
Mycobacterium avium
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
tuberculosis (TB)
Cancellous bone
(spongy or trabecular bone), much more porous and less dense than compact bone
shoulder bone
scapula
bones of face
lacrimal - corners of eyes mandibular - lower jaw maxillary - upper jaw nasal - bride and septum vomer - nasal septum zygomatic - cheek
bones of cranium
Ethmoid - Supports nasal cavity and eye sockets
Frontal - Forehead; part of eye sockets
Occipital - Back and base of skull
Parietal - Top and sides of skull
Sphenoid - Base of skull and behind eyes (bat-shaped bone)
Temporal - Lower sides and back of skull
Diaphysis vs epiphysis
shaft, or middle region, of a long bone
Each end of a long bone
Subluxation of a vertebra
forward slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra over a lower vertebra.
Osteomyelitis vs. osteoporosis
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
Decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone.
Fractures
Simple fracture (closed)
Compound fracture (open)
Comminuted - Bone is splintered and crushed into several pieces
Greenstick - Bone is partially broken; breaks on one surface and bends on another; often occurring in forearm
Kyphosis vs anklosis
hump on the back, person’s height is reduced, may lead to pressure on the spinal cord or peripheral nerves
condition of joint stiffening or immobilization
Rheumatoid arthritis vs osteoarthritis
Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane.
Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces.
Leiomyosarcoma vs leiomyoma
malignant tumor of smooth (visceral) muscle
benign tumor of smooth muscle
Supination vs pronation
hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm up. As applied to the foot, it is outward roll of the foot during normal motion
hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm down. As applied to the foot, it is inward roll of the foot during normal motion
Skeletal vs visceral
voluntary muscle
involuntary muscle
