Chap 12 Resp Textbook Flashcards
adenoids
Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils.
alveolus
Air sac in the lung
bronchioles
Smallest branches of the bronchi. Terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts.
bronchus
Branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube
diaphragm
Muscle separating the chest and abdomen. It contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to push air out.
epiglottis
Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing.
expiration
Breathing out (exhalation)
glottis
Slit-like opening to the larynx.
inspiration
Breathing in (inhalation).
larynx
Voice box; containing the vocal cords.
nares
Openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities
mediastinum
Region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes.
palatine tonsil
One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth).
paranasal sinus
One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
parietal pleura
Outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall.
pharynx
Throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
pleura
Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung.
pleural cavity
Space between the folds of the pleura.
pulmonary parenchyma
Essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli.
respiration
Process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing
visceral pleura
Inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue.
adenoid/o
adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus, air sac
bronch/o bronchi/o
bronchial tube, bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole, small bronchus
capn/o
carbon dioxide
coni/o
dust
bronchospasm
This tightening of the bronchus is a chief characteristic of asthma and bronchitis.
bronchiectasis
Caused by weakening of the bronchial wall from infection.
bronchopleural
Bronchopleural fistula is an abnormal connection between the bronchial tube and the pleural cavity (space).
bronchiolitis
This is an acute viral infection occurring in infants younger than 18 months of age.
cyan/o
blue
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx, voice box
lob/o
lobe of the lung
epiglottitis
Characterized by fever, sore throat, and an erythematous, swollen epiglottis.
mediastin/o
mediastinum
nas/o
nose
orth/o
straight, upright
orthopnea
An abnormal condition in which breathing (-pnea) is easier in the upright position
ox/o
oxygen
pector/o
chest
expectoration
Clearing of secretions from the airway by coughing or spitting.
pharyng/o
pharyng/o
phon/o
voice
phren/o
diaphragm
pleur/o
pleura
dysphonia
Hoarseness or other voice impairment.
pleurodynia
The intercostal muscles or pleura are inflamed, causing pain during breathing
pleural effusion
An effusion is the escape of fluid from blood vessels or lymphatics into a cavity or into tissue spaces.
pneum/o, pneumon/o
air, lung
pulmon/o
lung
rhin/o
nose
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
spir/o
breathing
rhinorrhea
runny nose
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
marked by rhythmic changes in the depth of breathing (rapid breathing and then absence of breathing). The pattern occurs every 45 seconds to 3 minutes. The cause may be heart failure or brain damage, both of which affect the respiratory center in the brain.
Pneumothorax
in pleural cavity (space)
Atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion (-ectasis) of a lung
tel/o
complete
thorac/o
chest
tonsill/o
tonsils
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
-ema
condition
-osmia
smell
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-sphyxia
pulse
-thorax
pleural cavity, chest
Sleep apnea
sudden cessation of breathing during sleep. It can
result in hypoxia, leading to cognitive impairment, hypertension, and arrhythmias
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
gentle ventilatory support used to keep the airways open
dyspnea
Dys- means abnormal here and is associated with shortness of breath (SOB).
hemoptysis
Blood is coughed up from the bronchial tubes and lungs
asphyxia
lack of pulse
auscultation
Listening to sounds within the body. performed w/ a stethoscope, used chiefly for listening to the
passage of air into and out of the lungs and listening to heart sounds
percussion
Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure.
pleural rub
Scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other.
rales (crackles)
Fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli.
rhonchi (singular: rhonchus)
Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum.
sputum
Material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting.
stridor
Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx.
Common causes of stridor include throat abscess, airway injury, croup, allergic reaction, or epiglottitis and laryngitis.
wheezes
Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing.
croup
Acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor.
The most common causative agents are influenza viruses or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
diphtheria
Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium (Corynebacterium).
epistaxis
nosebleed
pertussis
Whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis.
Pertussis is characterized by paroxysmal (violent, sudden) spasms of coughing that ends in a loud “whooping” inspiration.
asthma
Chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production.
bronchiectasis
Chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection.
Treatment is palliative (noncurative) and includes antibiotics, mucolytics, bronchodilators, respiratory therapy
chronic bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
cystic fibrosis (CF)
Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally.
emphysema
Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
right heart failure (cor pulmonale).
lung cancer
Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
NSCLC - 90% of lung cancers and comprises three main types:adenocarcinoma (derived from mucus-secreting cells), squamous cell carcinoma
(derived from the lining cells of the upper airway), and large cell lung cancer
SCLC derives from small, round (“oat” cells) cells found in pulmonary epithelium. It grows rapidly early and quickly spreads outside the lung.
pneumoconiosis
Abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
pneumonia
Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction.
pulmonary abscess
Large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs.
pulmonary edema
Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
condition most often is caused by the inability of the heart to pump blood (congestive heart failure).
pulmonary embolism (PE)
Clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
Occlusion can produce an area of dead (necrotic) tissue; this is a pulmonary infarction. PE often causes acute pleuritic chest pain (pain on inspiration) and may be associated with blood in the sputum, fever, and respiratory insufficiency.
pulmonary fibrosis
Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs.
sarcoidosis
Chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs
tuberculosis (TB)
Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected.
mesothelioma
Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura.
pleural effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity).
Pleural effusions are exudates (fluid from tumors and infections)
Transudates (fluid from congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, or cirrhosis
pleurisy (pleuritis)
Inflammation of the pleura.
pneumothorax
Collection of air in the pleural space.
anthracosis
Coal dust accumulates in the lungs.
asbestosis
Asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs.
hydrothorax
Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.
palliative
Relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease.
paroxysmal
Pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden.
chest x-ray (CXR)
Radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film).
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
Computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
Magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral (sagittal), and cross-sectional (axial) planes.
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
Radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs.
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
Detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon).
bronchoscopy
Fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes.
endotracheal intubation
Placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway
laryngoscopy
Visual examination of the voice box.
lung biopsy
Removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
mediastinoscopy
Endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs: airway function, lung volume, and the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently
thoracentesis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
thoracotomy
Large surgical incision of the chest.
thoracoscopy (thorascopy)
Visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope.
tracheostomy
Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
tuberculin test
Determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction.
tube thoracostomy
A flexible, plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest.
outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs
parietal pleura
collections of lymph tissue in the nasopharynx
adenoids
windpipe
trachea
lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the voice box
epiglottis
branches of the windpipe that lead into the lungs
bronchi
region between the lungs in the chest cavity
mediastinum
air-containing cavities in the bones around the nose
paranasal sinuses
thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract
cilia
inner fold of pleura closer to lung tissue
visceral pleura
throat
pharynx
air sacs of the lung
alveoli
voice box
larynx
smallest branches of bronchi
bronchioles
collections of lymph tissue in the oropharynx
palatine tonsils
midline region of the lungs where bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs
hilum
The apical part of the lung is the
uppermost part
The gas that passes into the bloodstream at the lungs is
oxygen
Breathing in air is called
inspiration, inhalation
Divisions of the lungs are known as
lobes
The gas produced by cells and exhaled through the lungs is
carbon dioxide
The space between the visceral and the parietal pleura is the
pleural cavity
Breathing out air is called
expiration, exhalation
The essential tissues of the lung that perform its main function are pulmonary
parenchyma
The exchange of gases in the lung is ______________________ respiration.
external
The exchange of gases at the tissue cells is ______________________ respiration.
internal
