EXAM 3 Lec 11 Flashcards
active site
location of the reaction of an enzyme
positive allosteric reaction
ADP accumulates and needs to make ATP, so ADP binds to an enzyme (at the allosteric regulatory site) that metabolizes glucose, changing ADP to ATP
binding of ADP changes the shape of the enzyme
negative allosteric reaction
cytosine triphosphate (CTP) binds to an allosteric regulatory site on the aspartate trans and the enzyme changes its shape the altered shape inactivated the catalytic activity
aspartate transcarbamoylase
early enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of pyrimidines (C, T, U)
oxidation
the direct removal of an electron from a molecule
or the addition of oxygen
in what form is an electron removed during oxidation
an electron plus a proton (hydrogen), or 2 electrons plus a proton (hydride ion)
OIL
oxidation is the loss of hydrogen
RIG
reduction is the gain of hydrogen
what are examples of oxidation-reduction
respiration and photosynthesis
stage 1 of catabolism
breakdown of macromolecules to simple subunits (either outside the cell or in lysosomes)
stage 2 of catabolism
breakdown of simple subunits to pyruvate (glycolysis, net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH)
stage 3 of catabolism
pyruvate decarboxylase (fermentation) vs. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
stage 4 of catabolism
complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2 (Krebs cycle)
glycolysis
oxidative process
2 ATPs contribute phosphates to 1 sugar molecule
6-carbon sugar phosphate splits into 2 3-carbon molecules
3-carbon glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate oxidized to pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
energy generation of 4 ATPs and 2 NADH per glucose
general function of kinase
catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to molecules
general function of isomerase
catalyzes the rearrangement of bonds within a single molecule
general function of dehydrogenase
catalyzes the oxidation of a molecule by removing a hydrogen atom plus an electron (hydride, H-)
general function of mutase
catalyzes the shifting of a chemical group from one position to another within a molecule
function of kinase in glycolysis
adds phosphate to molecules for charging, like a battery
function of isomerase in glycolysis
rearranges bonds and moves hydrogen atoms
function of dehydrogenase in glycolysis
engages in oxidation-reduction reactions (removes electron and proton)
function of mutase in glycolysis
rearranges chemical groups
how many steps in glycolysis
10 enzymatic steps
what generates 2 NADHs in glycolysis
oxidation-reduction
