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Cell Function Differentiation > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is electronegativity

A

the ability of atoms to attract electrons

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2
Q

what elements have the highest values of electronegativity

A

nitrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

what are covalent bonds

A

link subunits into larger molecules

electron distribution is scared

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4
Q

characteristics of polar bonds

A

unequal electron distribution

partial + or - charge

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5
Q

characteristics of nonpolar bonds

A

equal electron distribution

neutral charge

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6
Q

what are noncovalent bonds

A

turn macromolecules into macromolecular complexes
unequal electron distribution
opposite charges attract

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7
Q

characteristics of ionic bonds

A

polar stable
unit charge
strength is changed by changing pH

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8
Q

characteristics of hydrogen bonds

A

polar stable
partial unit
strength changes with temperature

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9
Q

characteristics of van der waal’s

A

nonpolar transient
weak partial
strength changes with temperature

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10
Q

many weak bonds between molecules create a:

A

strong interaction

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11
Q

how do cells biosynthesize most macromolecules

A

by polymerization

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12
Q

is cysteine polar or nonpolar

A

nonpolar

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13
Q

what are motor proteins

A

allow subcellular/cell/tissue movement

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14
Q

what are structural proteins

A

mechanical support

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15
Q

what are enzyme complexes

A

localize enzymes of a pathway

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16
Q

protein DNA interactions

A

regulation of gene expression

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17
Q

protein RNA interactions

A

form translational complexes (ribosomes)

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18
Q

monosaccharides

A

subunits

includes glucose and fructose

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19
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers

includes starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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20
Q

what covalent bonds have high energy

A

C-O, C-H

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21
Q

what bonds does the phosphodiester backbone create

A

ionic and hydrogen noncovalent bonds

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22
Q

define amphipathic

A

possessing hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

includes phospholipids and fatty acids

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23
Q

characteristics of membranes

A

compartmentalize cellular functions and metabolites
liquid at higher temperatures with fewer van der Waals
biological living membranes must be liquid, like oil

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24
Q

hydrophilic molecules

A

polar
attracts water
flat water droplet
“heads”

25
Q

hydrophobic molecules

A

nonpolar
repels water
beaded water droplet
“tails”

26
Q

cholesterol

A

a 4-ring steroid structure with a hydrocarbon tail

27
Q

glycolipid

A

a sugar substitute for the polar head group and glycerol of the phospholipid

28
Q

galactolipid

A

only polar head group replaced (plants)

29
Q

hydrophobic effect

A

drives monolayer or bilayer membrane formation
monolayer is formed at a water-oil interface
a bilayer is formed in water or cytoplasm alone

30
Q

lipid bilayers

A

fold into spheres trapping water on the inside

strong hydrophobic effect

31
Q

examples of subcellular membranes

A

ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplast

32
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon-carbon chain
2 hydrogens per carbon is a fatty acid

33
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

a carbon carbon bond reduces the number of hydrogens, they interrupt van der Waals (dogleg)

34
Q

membranes at room temperature

A

saturated fatty acids are solid (butter)

unsaturated fatty acids are liquid (oil)

35
Q

membranes at 37 degrees C

A

saturated fatty acids are liquid

unsaturated fatty acids are liquid

36
Q

membranes at 4 degrees C

A

saturated fatty acids are solid

monounsaturated are partially solid (olive) polyunsaturated are liquid (canola)

37
Q

ectothermic

A

internal temperatures that vary with the ambient environment

38
Q

endothermic

A

constant internal temperatures

39
Q

small nonpolar molecules membrane diffusion

A

yes, includes O2 and N2

40
Q

small uncharged polar molecules membrane diffusion

A

some, includes H2O and ethanol

41
Q

larger uncharged polar molecules membrane diffusion

A

some but less, includes amino acids and glucose

42
Q

ions membrane diffusion

A

none, includes H+, Na+, K+

43
Q

function of transmembrane proteins

A

transport specific molecules across the membrane
usually small that do not move freely
they’re highly selective for one type of molecule

44
Q

passive transport

A

needs no direct energy
relies on a downhill gradient
selective for an ion and has gated activity

45
Q

active transport

A

movement against a gradient
requires energy (coupled, ATP, light)
uses pumps for transport

46
Q

sodium pump

A

high Na+ and low K+ outside the cell
low Na+ and high K+ inside the cell
hydrolyzes ATP to ADP

47
Q

uniport

A

a passive transporter that moves only one type of molecule across the membrane

48
Q

coupled

A

active transporter that uses the gradient of one molecule to transport another molecule against the gradient

49
Q

symport

A

the movement of both molecules in the same direction

50
Q

antiport

A

movement of molecules in the opposite direction

51
Q

affect of electrical stimulation on action potential

A

slight depolarization, slightly opens the Na+ channel

52
Q

affect of Na+ channel opening

A

massive depolarization, closes the Na+ channel and opens the K+ channel

53
Q

affect of K+ channel opening

A

repolarization, closes K+ channel and activates pump

54
Q

affect of Na+ and K+ pump on

A

re-establish ion gradients, Na+ and K+ pumps are turned off

55
Q

intracellular transport

A

delivers specific proteins to specific places in the cell

56
Q

bulk delivery

A

directional movement of vesicles

out is secretory, in is endocytic

57
Q

individual delivery

A

organelles have different mechanisms for accepting specific proteins

58
Q

protein import into the ER

A

rough ER has membrane bound polyribosomes
SRP receptor mediated synthesis/import
start-stop transfer sequences for transmembrane proteins

59
Q

polyribosomes

A

many ribosomes bound to a single mRNA

Cell Function Differentiation (10 decks)

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