exam 3 jeopardy

Question 1

what are the three parts of the sternum, from top to bottom?

Answer 1

manubrium, body (corpus), xiphoid process

Question 2

what are the two types of pleura, and what do they each cover?

Answer 2

parietal pleura: covers the thoracic cavity

visceral pleura: covers the lungs

Question 3

what the three types of ribs, and what are the rib numbers to which they correspond?

Answer 3

true ribs (1-7)
false ribs (8-10)
floating ribs (11-12)

Question 4

name the five types of vertebrae and say how many there are of each in the vertbreal column

Answer 4

cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral (5 fused)
coccyx (3 or 4 fused)

Question 5

what distinguishes the true ribs?

Answer 5

directly attached to the sternum via the costal cartilage

Question 6

what distinguishes the false ribs?

Answer 6

attached to the sternum via the costal arch

Question 7

what distinguishes the floating ribs?

Answer 7

NOT attached to the sternum

Question 8

atmospheric pressure is used a reference or ——–. but is NOT zero

Answer 8

zero-point

Question 9

what is the pleural space? is the pressure within this space positive or negative?

Answer 9

the place between the lungs and the ribcage; pleural pressure is always negative

Question 10

relative to atmospheric pressure, what is alveolar pressure during inspiration?

Answer 10

negative

(alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure)

Question 11

Boyle’s law

Answer 11

volume is inversely proportional to pressure

Question 12

what happens to pleural pressure when a hole is made in the pleural space?

Answer 12

it becomes less negative as air rushes into the area of lower pressure (pleural space) and equalizes to atmospheric pressure – decoupling the lungs and ribcage

Question 13

what are the four accessory muscles of expiration

Answer 13

rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques

Question 14

what is the innervation for the diaphragm?

Answer 14

C3-C5 (C3-C5 keeps you alive!)

Question 15

what are the diaphragms four attachment points?

Answer 15

central tendon, xiphoid process, ribs 7-12, lumbar vertbrae 1-3

Question 16

what two things can you NOT do without functioning inspiratory muscles?

Answer 16

inspire and provide checking action at high lung volumes to slow the descent of the rib cage

Question 17

what can you NOT do without the functioning of expiratory muscles?

Answer 17

you cannot add to passive expiration, or speak/breathe below end expiratory level (EEL)

Question 18

what is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration?

Answer 18

residual volume

Question 19

what is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 19

the maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a tidal inspiration

Question 20

what is found by adding tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 20

vital capacity

Question 21

define end expiratory level (EEL)

Answer 21

the lung volume measured at the rest point of respiration— at the end of a tidal volume expiration

Question 22

calculate vital capacity if
ERV=1
IRV=1
TV=0.5
Residual volume = 0.5

Answer 22

2.5
(ERV+IRV+TV)

Question 23

recoil pressure is ——— at high lung volumes

Answer 23

positive

Question 24

define recoil force

Answer 24

the force generated as the lung-thorax unit returns to rest

Question 25

recoil pressure diagram labels

Answer 25

x-axis: alveolar pressure (cmH2O) y-axis: vital capacity (%)

Question 26

what are the rest positions of the thorax and the lungs? (uncoupled)

Answer 26

thorax = expanded position (55% VC) lungs = collapsed state (0% VC)

Question 27

what are two ways the lungs can be expanded or contracted?

Answer 27

recoil of the lung-thorax unit (passive) muscle force (active)

Question 28

why should you inhale to a higher lung volume for loud speech?

Answer 28

you get greater recoil pressure and you do not have to add more muscular force to obtain the higher subglottal pressure required for loud speech

Question 29

which muscles are used most for checking action?

Answer 29

inspiratory muscles (primarily external intercostals)

Question 30

when recoil pressure is less than subglottal pressure demand, what type of muscular force should be used to increase the rate of collapse of the lung-thorax unit

Answer 30

expiratory muscle force

Question 31

why is mid-lung volume range most efficient for speech?

Answer 31

it takes advantage of positive recoil pressures, so little checking action is required. expiratory passive force is working in the same direction as the active force (the lung-thorax unit wants to compress to move toward rest)

Question 32

calculate the muscle pressure required for speech given that subglottal pressure (Ps) requirment = 5 cmH2O and recoil pressure (Pr) available = 4 cmH2O

Answer 32

1 cmH2O positive muscular pressure (use expiratory muscles)

Question 33

what is the main task of the respiratory system in regards to speech production?

Answer 33

maintain a constant subglottal pressure. this pressure is maintained by balancing active and passive pressures

Question 34

total lung capacity

Answer 34

total amount of air which can be held in the lungs

Question 35

inspiratory capacity

Answer 35

maximum volume of air which can be inspired after a tidal expiration tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 36

functional residual capacity

Answer 36

amount of air in lungs after a tidal expiration expiratory reserve volume + residual volume