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Microbiology > Exam 3- Immune > Flashcards

Exam 3- Immune Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe skin according to the immune system.

A

tightly packed cells are difficult to penetrate; shedding removed attached microbes; dryness inhibits growth of many species

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2
Q

Describe mucous membranes.

A

lines gastrointestinal, respiratory, & genitourinary tracts, secrete mucus, contain cilia

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3
Q

What is mucus?

A

viscous glycoprotein produced by goblet cells, traps microbes, also contains other secreted compounds like lysozyme

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4
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

targets the cell wall of bacteria

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5
Q

What does the ciliary escalator do?

A

transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs towards throat

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6
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

the ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell (called a phagocyte)

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7
Q

What do phagocytes include?

A

neutrophils, macrophages fixed in lungs, liver, other tissues

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8
Q

What do free (wandering) macrophages do?

A

move to sites of infection

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9
Q

Microbes possess unique structures called ________ ______ _______ (MAMPs) that are recognized by ______ ______ (TLRs) & other receptors present on host cells.

A

microbe-associated molecular patterns, Toll-like receptors

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10
Q

What does binding of MAMPs by host cell receptors activate?

A

stimulates phagocyte to release cytokines that attract other phagocytes to site of infection, initiate phagocytosis

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11
Q

Examples of MAMPs.

A

flagellin, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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12
Q

What is the bubonic plagues causative agent?

A

Yersinia pestis

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13
Q

In the resulting phagolysosome, microbial cells are attacked by ______ & ______

A

digestive enzymes & toxic oxygen products

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14
Q

What does opsonization enhance?

A

phagocytosis

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15
Q

What is opsonization?

A

the coating of a microbe by host proteins to enhance phagocytosis by promoting attachment of microbes to phagocyte

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16
Q

2 examples of opsonins.

A

antibodies & complement proteins

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17
Q

What is innate (nonspecific) immunity?

A

physical & chemical barriers to infection, nonspecific responses to destroy invading cells, present at birth

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18
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

reaction to specific pathogens- parts of foreign proteins, sugars, molecules
memory component- faster response if exposed a second time

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19
Q

What are antigens?

A

“antibody generating” macromolecule that interacts with the immune system

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20
Q

What is the epitope?

A

a specific binding site on an antigen (antigens can have more than one)

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21
Q

What are haptens?

A

very small molecules that, when attached to a larger carrier protein, can act as an antigen

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22
Q

Describe antibodies.

A

immunoglobulins (Ig), made by the host in response to a specific antigen, & can recognize & bind to a specific antigen

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23
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgM
  3. IgA
  4. IgD
  5. IgE
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24
Q

Explain humoral immunity.

A

B cells (B lymphocytes) produce antibodies that directly target antigens. attacks extracellular threats

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25
Q

Explain cell-mediated immunity.

A

activated T cells (T lymphocytes) control antibody production & can directly kill infected host cells, attacks infected cells

26
Q

Where are B cells produced.

A

in bone marrow

27
Q

Where do B cells have antibodies?

A

on the cell surface

28
Q

When does the B cell become activated?

A

when the surface antibodies bind their specific epitope

29
Q

What do activated B cells divide & differentiate into?

A

plasma cells & memory cells

30
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

produce hundreds to thousands of antibodies per second

31
Q

What are memory cells responsible for?

A

rapid, enhanced immune response after later exposure to same antigen

32
Q

When does primary response occur?

A

after initial contact with antigen

33
Q

When does secondary (memory) response occur?

A

after second exposure

34
Q

What can B cells be activated by?

A

T-dependent antigens or T-independent antigens

35
Q

What are T-dependent antigens?

A

antigen presented with MHC II to TH cell

36
Q

What do T-independent antigens do?

A

stimulate the B cell to make antibodies without T-helper cells

37
Q

What do T-independent antigens have?

A

repeating units (epitopes) that can bind multiple antibodies on surface of B cell- capping of the B cell

38
Q

T-independent antigens have weak/no _____ ______ _______

A

memory cell production

39
Q

What are humoral antibodies effective against?

A

circulating pathogens

40
Q

What to plasma cells do?

A

produce antibodies that bind to bacteria/viruses/toxins on outside of cell

41
Q

Explain Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I.

A

found on nucleated cells, markers of “self”, found in human cells & is protected against our immune system so they don’t get destroyed

42
Q

Explain MHC class II.

A

found on antigen presenting cells like B cells

43
Q

Describe Helper T cells (TH cells)

A

surface glycoprotein CD4, CDY bind to MHC class II molecules on B cells & other Antigen Present Cells

44
Q

What do helper T cells assist with?

A

activation of B cells & other T cells

45
Q

Describe Cytotoxic T cells (Tc Cells)

A

surface glycoprotein CD8, CD8 binds to MHC class I molecules,

46
Q

What to Tc cells differentiate into?

A

cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)

47
Q

What do Tc cells do?

A

destroy bacteria & infected host cells (kills)

48
Q

What do vaccines stimulate?

A

the body’s immune system to respond to a specific pathogen

49
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

a suspension of organisms or fractions or organisms that is used to induce immunity

50
Q

No vaccines for _______ diseases.

A

fungal

51
Q

When attenuated or killed pathogens or fragments of the pathogen are used what happens?

A

usually do not cause disease, trigger immune response, induce memory cells

52
Q

What are attenuated whole-agent vaccines

A

-live, attenuated microbe
-microbe can be weakened by multiple passage in the lab
-lifelong immunity
-can “back mutate: to virulent pathogen

53
Q

Example of attenuated whole-agent vaccines.

A

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine

54
Q

What are inactivated whole-agent vaccines?

A

-microbe killed or inactivated by heat, chemical, or radiation
-safer than live vaccines
-less effective; often require booster doses

55
Q

Examples of inactivated whole-agent vaccines.

A

raboes, flu, polio (Salk polio vaccine)

56
Q

What are toxoid vaccines?

A
  • some diseases are caused by bacterial toxins
    -toxoids are INACTIVE toxins
    -require booster shots
57
Q

Examples of toxoid vaccines.

A

tetanus, diphtheria

58
Q

What are subunit vaccines?

A

-antigenic fragments of pathogen that best stimulates immune response
-safe
-recombinant vaccines produced using recombinant technology

59
Q

Example of subunit vaccines.

A

Hepatitis B

60
Q

What are conjugated vaccines?

A

-large polysaccharides can be T-independent antigens; result in weak immune response & no memory cells
-polysaccharide conjugated with more antigenic proteins results in better immunization

61
Q

Example of conjugated vaccines.

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B (hib)

62
Q

What are nucleic acid vaccines?

A

-DNA or RNA encoding pathogen protein injected into patient; patient produces antigen that stimulates patient production of antibodies
-protein antigens, not polysaccharides

Microbiology (11 decks)

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