Exam 2- Metabolism

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism

Question 2

Explain catabolism.

Answer 2

breaks down larger molecules into smaller building blocks

Question 3

What does catabolism produce?

Answer 3

energy

Question 4

Explain anabolism.

Answer 4

uses energy & building blocks to build large molecules (biosynthesis)

Question 5

What does anabolism consume?

Answer 5

energy

Question 6

What are enzymes?

Answer 6

typically proteins (some RNAs), highly specific for given chemical reaction, increase the rate of chemical reactions

Question 7

What is the active site?

Answer 7

region of enzyme that binds substrate, typically rely on weak interactions

Question 8

What are the factors that influence enzyme activity?

Answer 8

temperature, pH, substrate concentration, & inhibitors

Question 9

What is the energy from oxidation-reduction reactions used to form?

Answer 9

energy-rich compounds

Question 10

Redox reactions occur in…

Answer 10

pairs

Question 11

What is an electron donor?

Answer 11

substance oxidized in a redox reaction

Question 12

What is the electron adaptor?

Answer 12

substance reduced in redox reaction

Question 13

What is oxidation?

Answer 13

the loss of electrons

Question 14

What is reduction?

Answer 14

the gain of electrons

Question 15

What is NADH?

Answer 15

a common reducing agent in biology, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 16

What is ATP?

Answer 16

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 17

Describe bacteroids.

Answer 17

gram-negative, anaerobic, ferment wide range of sugars from plants

Question 18

What is the electron transport system?

Answer 18

series of membrane-associated carrier molecules that are oxidized & reduced as electrons are passed down the chain

Question 19

What is the proton motive force?

Answer 19

electron transport system oriented in cytoplasmic membrane so that electrons are separated from protons

Question 20

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 20

dissipation of the proton motive force is coupled to ATP synthesis

Question 21

What is ATP produced from?

Answer 21

complete oxidation of one glucose using aerobic respiration

Question 22

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain for aerobic respiration?

Answer 22

molecular oxygen

Question 23

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 23

not oxygen, usually inorganic molecule

Question 24

What happens in light-dependent reactions?

Answer 24

light energy is converted into chemical energy (ATP & NADPH)

Question 25

What happens in light-independent reactions?

Answer 25

ATP & NADHP are used to reduce CO2 to sugar

Question 26

What do photoautotrophs do?

Answer 26

convert light energy into chemical energy & fix CO2 into organic molecules

Question 27

What does photosynthesis require?

Answer 27

chlorophylls

Question 28

Where are chlorophylls located?

Answer 28

within membranes

Question 29

What does the Clavin Cycle do?

Answer 29

fixes CO2 into sugar

Question 30

What does the Clavin Cycle require?

Answer 30

NADPH, ATP, enzymes including ribulose biphosphate carboxylase

Question 31

How many molecules of CO2 are required to make one molecule of glucose?

Answer 31

six molecules

Question 32

What does oxygenic photosynthesis use as the electron donor?

Answer 32

water

Question 33

What is nitrogen fixation?

Answer 33

the reduction of N2 (gas) to NH3/NH4+