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Physiology > Exam 3 (Heart) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Heart) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the MAP values for hypertension and hypotension?

A

hypertension: MAP > 105
hypotension: MAP < 70

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2
Q

What is the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta?

A

aortic semilunar valve

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3
Q

What is stenosis?

A

heart valve doesn’t open properly; could be narrowed

happens before/during LUB

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4
Q

Describe the process of electrical conduction in the heart.

A
  1. electrical signal begins at SA node
  2. signal is conducted through internodal pathway (fast)
  3. conduction stops at fibrous wall between atria and ventricles
  4. depolarization through AV bundle and Purkinje fibers (fast)
  5. depolarization spreads upward from apex to fibrous wall
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5
Q

What is the equation for pulse pressure?

A

PP = systolic P - diastolic P

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6
Q

What effect does norepinephrine have on MAP?

A

arteriolar smooth muscle → vasoconstriction → increased peripheral resistance → increased MAP

ventricular contractile muscle → increased stroke volume → increased CO → increased MAP

SA node → increased HR → increased CP → increased MAP

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7
Q

What are the four components of blood vessels?

A
  1. endothelium (secretion + absorption)
  2. elastic tissue (energy storage)
  3. smooth muscle (change vessel diameter)
  4. fibrous tissue (stiffness; stretch resistance)
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8
Q

What is the equation for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP)

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9
Q

What is the condition of the heart during the PQ segment?

A

completion of ventricular filling

atria contract → last 20% of ventricular filling + some backflow to veins (jugular pulse)

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10
Q

What are the properties of capillaries?

A

endothelium

site of exchange

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11
Q

What are the valves between the atria and the ventricles?

A

AV valves

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12
Q

What are the properties of venules?

A

endothelium + fibrous tissue

collecting vessels

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13
Q

What effect does ACh have on MAP?

A

ACh → SA node → increased heart rate → increased cardiac output → increased MAP

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14
Q

What are the factors that affect MAP?

A
  1. peripheral resistance
  2. cardiac output (CO = HR x stroke volume)
  3. blood volume (regulated by kidneys)
  4. distribution of blood in circuitry
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15
Q

What is the P wave in an ECG?

A

arterial depolarization

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16
Q

What is the ST segment in an ECG?

A

ventricular contraction

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17
Q

What is the PQ/PR segment in an ECG?

A

atrial contraction

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18
Q

What happens during the ST segment?

A

ventricular ejection → semilunar valves open

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19
Q

What are the types of cardiac muscle?

A

contractile: like skeletal; longer contraction duration excitatory: autorhythmic cells conductive: conduct electrical signals faster than contractile muscle

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20
Q

What is the equation for flow rate (Q)?

A

Q = ΔP/R

21
Q

Which capillary/interstitial pressures affect absorption?

A

Πp

22
Q

What is the driving pressure?

A

fluid pressure created by the ventricles

23
Q

Which capillary/interstitial pressures affect filtration?

A

Pc, Pif, Πif

24
Q

What happens during the T wave?

A

isovolumic ventricular relaxation

ventricular repolarization; retrograde flow → semilunar valves close (DUP)

25
Q

Name the parts of an ECG.

A
26
Q

What are the causes of edema?

A

capF >> capA

  • increase in Pc
  • increase in Πif
  • increase in Πp (caused by albumin breakdown)
  • inadequate drainage of lymph
27
Q

What is the condition of the heart before the P wave?

A

heart at rest

atrial and ventricular diastole; atria fill from veins; ventricles fill from gravity

28
Q

What are the two types of pressure in capillaries and interstitial fluid?

A
  1. hydrostatic: based on fluid pressure
  2. osmotic: based on solutes
29
Q

What are the properties of arterioles?

A

endothelium + smooth muscle

vasoconstrict or vasodilate
site of variable resistance

30
Q

What is cardiac regurgitation?

A

leaking valve; blood can flow backwards or through closed valve

happens after LUB

31
Q

Where is the cardiovascular center and what does it do?

A

medulla oblongata; coordinates BP through autonomic nervous system

32
Q

What is the T wave in an ECG?

A

ventricular repolarization

33
Q

What is the QRS complex in an ECG?

A

progressive ventricular depolarization

34
Q

What is the equation for resistance (R)?

A

R = 1/r4

35
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

arrhythmia of rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction

36
Q

What is elastance, and which blood vessel type has more?

A

ΔP/ΔV (ability to return to unstretched state)

arteries have more elastance

37
Q

What is compliance, and which blood vessel type has more?

A

ΔV/ΔP (ability to stretch)

veins are more compliant

38
Q

What are the right and left heart circuits?

A

right: pulmonary circuit left: systemic circuit

39
Q

What is artherosclerosis?

A

plaques in arteries harden them → lower elastance + movement energy → higher BP + lower blood flow

40
Q

What is the equation for flow velocity?

A

v = Q/A

A = cross-sectional area

41
Q

Where are baroreceptors and what do they do?

A

carotid arteries + aorta; stretch sensitive mechanoreceptors

42
Q

What are systole and diastole?

A

systole: cardiac muscle contracting
diastole: cardiac muscle relaxing

43
Q

What happens during the QRS complex?

A

isovolumic ventricular contraction

Q (depolarization of AV bundle) → S (ventricular depolarization) → AV valves forced closed (LUB)

44
Q

What are the properties of veins?

A

endothelium + elastic tissue + smooth muscle + fibrous tissue

hold 60% of blood; can change diameter

45
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

fluid filled sack around heart; lubricates and prevents rubbing

46
Q

What is the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

47
Q

What are the properties of arteries?

A

endothelium + elastic tissue + smooth muscle + fibrous tissue

energy required to stretch → stored energy

48
Q

What are the types of pacemaker cells?

A

sinoatrial node: 70 bpm atrioventricular node: 50 bpm ventricular cells: 35 bpm

Physiology (7 decks)

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