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Physiology > Exam 1 (Metabolism) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Metabolism) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the inputs and products of the Krebs Cycle (per one molecule of pyruvate)?

A

inputs:

  • acetyl CoA (2C)
  • 3 NAD+
  • FAD
  • GDP

products:

  • oxaloacetate (4C)
  • 3 NADH
  • FADH2
  • 2 CO2
  • ATP
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2
Q

What is the difference between tonicity and osmolarity?

A

tonicty compares a cell to the solution it’s in; osmolarity compares two solutions

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3
Q

How does the integrating center function in homeostasis?

A
  1. comparator compares info from sensor to known set point
  2. effector triggers any necessary response
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4
Q

What is the P:O ratio, and what is its normal value?

A

ATP formed per O reduced to H2O;
normal = 3 (fully coupled)
abnormal = 0 (fully uncoupled)

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5
Q

What are the inputs and products of glycolysis?

A

inputs:

  • glucose
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NAD+

products:

  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
  • 4 ATP
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6
Q

How does anaerobic glycolysis differ from aerobic glycolysis?

A

pyruvate is the final electron acceptor; turned into lactate by lactate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

What does sodium azide affect and how?

A

irreversibly inhibits complex IV

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8
Q

What factors increase membrane fluidity?

A
  • higher temperature
  • less cholesterol
  • more double bonds in phospholipid tails
  • shorter phospholipid tails
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9
Q

What can change the composition of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipases

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10
Q

What are the two types of membrane protein involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

channel and carrier proteins

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11
Q

What does lactate dehydrogenase do, and why is it important?

A

converts pyruvate to lactate
regenerates NAD+

in reverse, it converts lactate to pyruvate

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12
Q

What are some types of non-penetrating solutes?

A

ions, large molecules, etc.

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13
Q

How many molecules of Na+ and K+ are pumped by the Na+/K+ pump, and in what direction? What else is used?

A

3 Na+ are pumped out
2 K+ are pumped in
1 ATP reduced to ADP

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14
Q

What is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

A

oxygen free radical formed by premature theft of electrons from ETC; possible because of minimal E’ difference between CII, Q, and CIII

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15
Q

What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)?

A

can be used to determine fuel type

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16
Q

What enzyme facilitates the bicarbonate reaction?

A

CO2 + H2 -carbonic anhydrase-> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-

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17
Q

What is the name and transport type of the glucose transporter used in facilitated diffusion?

A
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18
Q

What happens after exercise?

A

excess post-exercise O2 consumption (EPOC)
lactate –> pyruvate
Mb replenished

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19
Q

How fast do the various ATP production mechanisms run out in oxygen deficit?

A
  • stored ATP: 1-2 s
  • phosphogens: 5-10 s
  • stored O2: ~30 s
  • anaerobic glycolysis: ~60 s
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20
Q

What are the two subunits of LDH, and what are their affinities?

A
  • M: pyruvate affinity; anaerobic environment
  • H: lactate activity; aerobic environment
  • LDH is some combination of 4 of the 2 types
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21
Q

What enzyme regulates whether or not glycolysis or glycogen sythesis occurs? How?

A

phosphofructokinase; it is allosterically regulated by ATP; HIGH levels of ATP shut it off

22
Q

What are some types of penetrating solutes?

A

urea and glucose

23
Q

How does Na+/K+ ATPase work?

A
24
Q

What are the products of the G3P –> pyruvic acid process?

A

1 NADH; 1 ATP (per 1 molecule of G3P)

25
Q

What are the inputs and products of beta-oxidation?

A

inputs:

  • ATP
  • NAD+
  • FAD
  • 2C hydrocarbon

products:

  • ADP
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • acetyl CoA
26
Q

How many ATP are produced from 1 molecule of NADH and FADH2 respectively?

A

3 ATP from 1 NADH
2 ATP from 1 FADH2

27
Q

What does osmolarity measure?

A

of particles per liter

comparison between 2 solutions

28
Q

What happens to the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids?

A

beta-oxidation; 2C at a time are cut off and turned to acetyl CoA

29
Q

What does dinitrophenol do?

A

decoupling agent; allows H+ through membrane without passing through ATP synthase

30
Q

What is the effect of exogenous antioxidants?

A

antioxidants from diet; block some of the chain reactions that constitute and cause oxidative damage

31
Q

What are the four mechanisms of ATP production?

A
  1. aerobic catabolism
  2. anaerobic glycolysis
  3. Pi stores (phosphogens)
  4. oxygen stores in muscles (Mb; Hb)
32
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

organism that uses oxygen when it is available, but can survive without it

33
Q

What active transport protein imports glucose, and what other molecule is used?

A
34
Q

What is the Cori Cycle?

A

lactate metabolism
glucose <–> pyruvate <–> lactate
net 4 ATP loss

35
Q

What enzyme converts glucose to G6P and what is the purpose of this?

A

hexokinase; gets rid of glucose to preserve the gradient that keeps glucose moving into the cell

36
Q

What are the inputs and products of pyruvate processing (one pyruvate molecule)?

A

inputs:

  • pyruvate
  • NAD
  • coenzyme A

products:

  • acetyl CoA
  • NADH
  • CO2
37
Q

What is the effect of endogenous antioxidants?

A

internal repair systems; block ROS formation

38
Q

What is the important pathway of the Krebs Cycle?

A

acetyl CoA (2C) –> citrate (6C) –> oxaloacetate (4C)

39
Q

What does cyanide affect and how?

A

reversibly inhibits complex IV

40
Q

What is the difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

substrate-level: chemical energy –> chemical energy
oxidative: chemical energy –> membrane gradient –> chemical energy

41
Q

What process happens when glucose is needed?

A

gluconeogenesis

42
Q

How do phosphate stores work?

A

creatine phosphate + ADP -creatine kinase-> creatine + ATP

43
Q

What happens to the lactate formed in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

can be used in gluconeogenesis; can enter the Krebs Cycle

44
Q

What is the main pathway of homeostasis?

A

stimulus –> integrating center –> response

45
Q

What is the equation for metabolic rate?

A

MR = VO2(ml O2/gh) x (kJ/LO2) x (1/1000 ml)

46
Q

What happens to the energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) that are generated during glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the Krebs Cycle?

A

go to the electron transport chain

47
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

liver; muscles

48
Q

What does rotenone affect and how?

A

competitively inhibits complex I; still allows for NAD+ regeneration but blocks electron pumping

49
Q

What happens to the sugar of triglycerides?

A

glycerol is turned into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (requires 1 ATP and generates 1 NADH), which is turned into pyruvate

50
Q

What are the ATP synthase conformations?

A
  1. loose (ADP + Pi)
  2. tight (ATP formation)
  3. open (ATP leaves)

1 spin makes 3 ATP

Physiology (7 decks)

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