Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > EXAM #3: GENERAL ANESTHESIA > Flashcards

EXAM #3: GENERAL ANESTHESIA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of general anesthesia?

A

Body wide anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the disadvantages of general anesthesia?

A

Disturbance of all organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the advantages of local anesthesia?

A

Minimal system disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the disadvantage of local anesthesia?

A

Anesthesia may not be adequate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the six characteristics of an ideal anesthetic agent?

A

1) Unconsciousness
2) Amnesia
3) Analgesia
4) Skeletal muscle relaxation
5) Areflexia
6) Good minute-to-minute control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the “Triad of Anesthesia?’

A

1) Asleep
2) Pain-free
3) Still

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pharmacologic synonym of unconsciousness?

A

Hypnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four major things that you want to know about a patient as an anesthesiologist?

A

Patient history and/or blood relative history of:

1) Malignant hyperthermia
2) Cardiovascular disease
3) Respirator disease
4) Allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is “balanced anesthesia?”

A

Use of a combination of drugs to produce all the effects of ideal anesthesia

No anesthetic is ideal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the PHASES of anesthesia?

A

1) Induction
2) Maintenance
3) Emergence
4) Recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the STAGES of anesthesia?

A

1) Analgesia
2) Excitement
- Body is “fighting” the anesthetic drug and patient can become combative
3) Surgical anesthesia
4) Medullary depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the main purpose for inhalable anesthetics?

A

Maintenance of anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the main purpose of IV anesthetics?

A

Induction of anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three general mechanisms of action of the general anesthetic agents?

A

1) Increased GABA-A channel activity
2) Activation of K+ channels
3) Inhibit glutamate NMDA receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the advantages of gaseous general anesthesia?

A

1) Easy to control depth of anesthesia

2) Minute-to-minute control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the disadvantage of gaseous anesthesia?

A

Anesthesia induction is not as fast or smooth as IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which “direction” do gas molecules move?

A

Down their partial pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What factor results in a faster achievement of anesthetic concentration in the blood?

A

Higher initial concentration in air

–>leads to higher partial pressure in the lungs–>bloodd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the effect of alveolar ventilation on anesthesia onset?

A

Higher alveolar ventilation leads to more gas molecules/time and a faster rate of onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Otswald Coefficient?

A

Blood: gas partition coefficient i.e. the solubility of the anesthetic in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does a low Otswald Coefficient mean?

A

Low solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Otswald Coefficient is preferable for a fast rate of anesthesia onset, high or low? Why?

A

Low solubility i.e. low Otwald Coefficient, which translates to a faster buildup of the agent in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the blood: brain partition coefficient translate into?

A

Solubility of the agent in lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does a high lipid solubility of an anesthetic agent translate into?

A

More potent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does a high pulmonary blood flow translate into in general anesthesia?
Slower onset
26
What does a low pulmonary blood flow translate into in general anesthesia?
Faster onset
27
How does the Otswald Coefficient effect elimination?
Low solubility equals faster elimination
28
What is the MAC value?
Minimum alveolar concentration i.e. the concentration of anesthetic in alveolar air at which there is no response to noxious stimuli in 50% of patients
29
What does a low MAC value translate into?
More potent anesthetic
30
What does a high MAC value translate into?
Less potent anesthetic
31
How are the MAC values of combinations of inhaled anesthetic described?
Additive
32
What important clinical factor will decrease the MAC value?
Presence of CNS depressants
33
What is the hallmark gaseous general anesthetic?
Nitrous Oxide
34
Why is NO described as almost an ideal anesthetic agent?
1) Good analgesia 2) Relatively nontoxic 3) Rapid onset and recovery
35
What is the major limitation of NO?
Incomplete anesthetic b/c MAC value is 110% *****I.e. in 50% of patients, NO cannot be given in sufficient quantities to eliminate response to noxious stimuli*****
36
What is the common use for NO?
Carrier agent for another anesthetic gas
37
What is the second gas effect?
Utilizing the additive MAC of gaseous agents by combining two gases to reduce induction time
38
What are the advantages of the 2nd gas effect?
1) Reduced induction time 2) Reduced concentration of primary agent 3) Reduced toxicity of primary agent
39
What are the major disadvantages of NO?
1) Lack of potency 2) Diffusion hypoxia 3) Increased risk of spontaneous abortion and decreased probability of concenptoin
40
What is diffusion hypoxia?
- When d/c NO rapidly diffuses from the body into the alveoli - Diffusion into the alveoli dilutes the gases in the alveoli i.e. oxygen - PAO2 decreases leading to hypoxia ****Note that this is combated by progressive d/c of NO and administration of 100% oxygen*****
41
Clinically, what do you need to remember about NO?
Cannot be used as sole anesthetic agent for surgical anesthesia
42
List the halogenated anesthetic agents.
Halothane Enfulrane Isoflurane Desflurane
43
Why are anesthetic agents halogenated?
1) Reduces flammability | 2) Increased potency
44
What is the drawback to halogenation?
Increased toxicity and side effects
45
What are halogenated agents primarily used for in anesthesia?
Maintenance of anesthesia
46
What is the prototypical halogenated agent?
Halothane
47
What toxicity is associated with Halothane?
Hepatitis
48
What are the side effects associated with Enflurane?
CNS stimulant effects
49
What is the clinical utility of Isoflurane?
Primary anesthetic agent used for maintenance of anesthesia ****With lower toxicity compared to other halogenated agents****
50
What is Desflurane?
Second most common agent used for maintenance of anesthesia
51
What side effect is associated with Desflurane?
Respiratory irritant producing bronchioconstriction, cough, and laryngeal spasm
52
What is Sevoflurane?
Newest and most popular halogenated anesthetic agent
53
What is the advantage of Sevoflurane?
Low airway irritation vs. Desoflurane
54
What is malignant hyperthermia?
- Hypermetabolic crisis when an MH-susceptible (MHS) individual is exposed to a volatile anesthetic - Exposure leads to elevated intracellular Ca++ in skeletal muscle, causing sustained contraction - Sustained muscle contraction generates more body heat than can be dissipated -->Result is marked hyperthermia (life-threatening)
55
What is Thiopental?
Barbiturate general anesthetic used for induction of anesthesia
56
What is Propofol?
- "Milk of Amnesia" | - Newer drug and most frequently used anesthesia induction agent
57
How does Propofol differ from Thiopental in terms of maintenance?
Propofol can be given as a continuous IV drip
58
What is the major advantage of Propofol clinically?
Excellent recovery from anesthesia
59
What type of anesthesia does Ketamine result in?
Dissociative anesthesia
60
What is the mechanism of action of Ketamine?
NMDA receptor antagonist i.e. glutamate antagonist
61
What is the side effect of Ketamine?
Emergence pheomenon
62
What is the mechanism of action of Midazolam?
Benzodiazepine that increases the frequency of GABA-A receptor opening
63
What are the role of Midazolam in general anesthesia?
Adjuvant agent
64
What are the indications for Midazolam?
1) Sedation for painful procedures | 2) Induction agent in high risk patients

Pharmacology (64 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions