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Furnishings: Prehistoric to English > Exam 3: French > Flashcards

Exam 3: French Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q
A

Baluster

One of a number of short vertical posts or
columns supporting a stair’s handrail, often
turned in a vase-like shape.

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2
Q
A

Balustrade

A row of balusters topped by a rail,
serving as a low parapet or barrier.

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3
Q

Fundamentals of French Renaissance

A

Love of Romance

Love of Order

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4
Q

French Renaissance

A

Transitional period. Influenced by Gothic structural forms and Italian Renaissance architectural detail and ornament.

Started 84 years after Italian Renaissance started.

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5
Q

Reign of Louis XIII

A
  • Son of Henry IV
  • Was young when gained throne, so his mother (Medici) ruled
  • Louis XIII married Mary Tudor (English)

French Renaissance

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6
Q

Francis I

A

French Renaissance starts with reign of Francis I.

  • wanted France to be known for the arts
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7
Q
A

Chateau Chenonceau

  • Designed for defense
  • Finance minister and wife die, gave chateau to son, who also inherited debt. In order to nullify debt, he gives chateau to Francis I.

French Renaissance

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8
Q
A

Chateau de Chambord

  • the chateau that Francis I was building when he seized Chenonceau
  • Country castle used as a hunting lodge
  • poorly heated
  • needed full staff to maintain
  • lots of chimneys

Mote, walled enclosure, and circular towers for the keep - Gothic influences

French Renaissance

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9
Q
A

Salamander represents Francis I on Chateau de Chambord

French Renaissance

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10
Q
A

Floorplan of Chateau de Chambord

French Renaissance

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11
Q
A

Double staircase at Chateau de Chambord

French Renaissance

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12
Q

French Furniture

A
  • Lightweight, but influenced by Gothic such as tracery
  • Placement against wall
  • Carved detailing
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13
Q
A

Caquetoire chair

  • Typical French Renaissance conversation chair
  • wide seat alows pivoting while sitting so you could chat in either direction.
  • curved arm
  • tall back reminiscent of Gothic.
  • Perimeter stretcher
  • Bun feet

French Renaissance

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14
Q
A

Bun foot

A foot that resembles a flattened ball or bun, commonly seen on furniture of the late 17th century.

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15
Q
A

High-back chair

  • Rectilinear
  • Box-like
  • Shows perspective carvings (where Gothic would have shown more tracery)

French Renaissance

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16
Q
A

Dressoir

French for dresser. Originally a 16th-century cabinet with a closed cupboard designed to hold dishes.

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17
Q
A

Mantel was the most decorative feature in the room. The designs were inspired by antiquity (not proportion).

French Renaissance

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18
Q
A

Palace of Fontainebleau

La Galerie Francois

  • incorporates Italian painting

French Renaissance

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19
Q

Middle French Renaissance

A

Middle Renaissance

Sons of Francis I: Henri II, Francis II, Charles IX, Henri III

Gradual elimination of Gothic forms, greater use of Renaissance and Italian detail. Catherine de’Medici dominates the kingdom.

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20
Q

Kid kings of France

A

Francis II
Was king while young. Very sick kid. Ruled for a year.

Charles IX
10 years old while on throne.

Mom Catherine rules region until kids become old enough.

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21
Q
A

Chateau de Chenonceau

Henry III inherrits Chenonceau, inherited by his wife Louise de Lorraine. She was depressed and painted everything black.

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22
Q

French Renaissance interiors

A
  • updating Gothic
  • ceilings were beamed with coffers

French Renaissance

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23
Q
A

High-backed chair

  • opened up arms
  • downturning arms ending with ram head
  • balluster arm support
  • carving
  • lighter in form than gothic
  • downturning finials by front legs

French Renaissance

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24
Q
A
  • Continuous stretcher
  • Down-turning arm ending in ram’s head
  • continuous stretcher
  • columns for legs (rebirth of antiquity)
  • bun feet
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25
Q
A

Romayne medallion

Common on chair backs

French renaissance

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26
Q
A

Armoire a deux corpse

  • Front and sides are recessed
  • Upper body is surmounted by pediment
  • use of columns
  • bun feet
  • made in two peices so it is easier to make and transport
  • often walnut
  • lower half is larger than top
  • stored clothing

French renaissance

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27
Q
A

French Renaissance bedroom

  • beamed ceiling
  • painted/stenciled wall
  • bed on a dais
  • fireplace
  • little furniture
  • tile floor
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28
Q
A

Royal bedroom at Chenonceau

  • coffered ceiling
  • gold thread upholstery
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29
Q
A

Festoon

A carved, molded, or painted ornamental
garland of flowers, fruit, or foliage, often
bound by ribbons, commonly seen in the
Baroque and Neoclassic periods. Also a
soft, curved window treatment
introduced in the 18th century.

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30
Q

Henry IV

A
  • Was protestant, converted to catholocism so he could rule France
  • married to a Medici
  • felt that people with conflicting beliefs could work together
  • created the Edict of Nantes which created religious tolerance in France
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31
Q
A

French Renaissance high back chair

  • down-turning arms ending in ram’s head
  • urms, reference to classical antiquities

French Renaissance

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32
Q

French Renaissance interiors

A
  • chandeliers
  • marbel or parquet flooring
  • furniture is in the middle of the room
  • highly decorative

French Renaissance

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33
Q

leading furniture designers of the French Renaissance

A

Hughes Sambin

Jacques de Cerceau

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34
Q
A

Bracket foot

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35
Q

Louis XIV

A
  • is five when crowned king
  • reigned for 72 years
  • wasn’t allowed to rule until he was 13
  • revoked edict of nantes near end of rule, creating conflict. Protestants fleed country.
  • established French settlements in the U.S. near the Mississippi and St. Lawrence river valleys
  • identified as “The Sun King”
  • French taste became the standard of excellence.
  • had a very extravagent reign. many attendants, crazy clothing. caused debt.
  • Taught France the Art of Living
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36
Q
A

Singerie

French for monkey trick. Decorative motif
portraying monkeys mimicking human
activities, often in fashionable attire.

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37
Q

Vaux-Le-Vicomte

A

Vaux-Le-Vicomte

Home of Nicholas Fouquet, minister of Finance.

Fouquet was sent to jail so Louis XIV could have his pretty house.

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38
Q
A

Enfilade

Introduced during the reign of Louis XIV,
a French term for the alignment of interior
doors along a shared axis, thus creating a
vista.

Creates a public to private space organization. Leads to bedroom and closet (office/private meeting room).

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39
Q

Closet

A

Room off of bed chamber used as an office / private meeting room.

Here, people could discuss matters of state.

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40
Q

Anteroom

A

Meeting room where public could gather to confirm awakening and liveliness of the king.

Lots of stools, desk, seating.

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41
Q
A

Versailles

  • was hunting lodge
  • meant to house 10,000 people
  • employed 36,000 during construction
  • cost $100 mil back in 1661
  • first complex dwelling planned in contact with nature
  • example of great park, garden, and town planning
  • grounds consist of pastures, flowers, lakes, canals, fountains, wooded hunting area, fishing, sports, festivals

BAROQUE

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42
Q

Versaille art director

A

Charles Le Brun

  • was employed by Nicholas Fouquet. Then worked for Louis XIV.
  • decorated the hall of mirrors
  • painted ceiling in the hall of mirrors
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43
Q

Versailles architect

A

Louis LeVau

  • dies while Versailles being completed
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44
Q

Versailles architect who takes over when 1st architect dies.

A

Jules Mansart

Designs the hall of mirrors

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45
Q

Landscape gardener of Versailles

A

André Le Notre

  • Father of landscape architecture
  • Started out with Nicholas Fouquet’s gardens
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46
Q
A

Hall of mirrors

  • barrel vaulted ceiling
  • one side of hallway has windows, one side has mirrors in same shape. gives shimmering, glowing light effect.
  • parquet flooring, chandeliers
  • joins the apartments of the kind and queen
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47
Q
A

Ormolu

Gilded bronze ornaments applied to furniture, used as mounts for fine porcelain, or as stand-alone objects, made popular during the Louis XIV period.

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48
Q

In situ

A

A Latin term for work done by a craftsman directly on the job instead of being performed in a workshop for later application or installation.

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49
Q

Chinoiserie

A

Decorative elements derived from Chinese traditional design and interpreted by Western designers with the source of inspiration being the Orient in such motifs as lacquer, textiles, carving of Chinese fretwork on pagodas, latticework, printing, ceramics, silver, etc. The fashion of Chinese art became known in the 17th century but continued to grow in popularity in the 18th century in France, England, Germany, and Italy, and even continued into the 19th century.

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50
Q
A

Louis purchased the Gobelins tapestry factory. Appointed LeBrun as the director.

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51
Q

Versailles interior

A
  • Movable objects and furniture were regarded as secondary motifs
  • Gilding, pilasters, marbel
  • Hall of Mirrors
  • connection to nature
  • separate apartments for king and queen
  • overwhelmingly decorated
  • Louis and Marie Antoinette escaped Versailles through secret passage ways.
  • boiserie
  • contained busts commissioned from bernini, mirrors, terra cotta.
  • large scale, richness
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52
Q
A

Boiserie

French word for woodwork, particularly
carved wooden wall panels of 18th-century French Rococo Style interiors.

Sometimes would feature the king’s monogram in the center of a panel or over doors.

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53
Q
A

Parquet

  • invented during BAROQUE time period
  • commonly oak
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54
Q

carpet factories that Louis XIV bought

A

Savonnerie factory - knotted pile carpet. Mainly for palaces and the wealthy.

Aubusson carpet - woven without pile. Typically floral patterns.

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55
Q
A

chandeliers

  • placed in center of the room
  • demonstrates opulance
  • additional light from torcheres, wall, brackets, candle stands

BAROQUE

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56
Q

French word for decorator

A

Ornemaniste

  • French professional decorator.
  • Could explain interiors through engraving.
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57
Q
A

Fleur-de-lys

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58
Q
A

Mansard

A roof containing two slopes on all four
sides, with the lower slope being steeper
in pitch than the upper slope.

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59
Q

French style during the regency of Philippe, duc d’Orleans, 1715-23. It was a transitional style between French Baroque and Rococo.

A

Régence

60
Q

back style

A

Ladder back

61
Q
A

Espagnolettes

Female heads surrounded by lace collars, such as might have been worn in Spain.

62
Q
A

Fasces

A Roman ornament consisting of a bundle of rods enclosing an axe, for the Romans a symbol of power.

63
Q
A

Boulle work

A method of metal and tortoiseshell inlay developed by André Charles Boulle during the Louis XIV period. The technique involved gluing a sheet of brass, German silver, or pewter to a sheet of tortoiseshell and then cutting out a delicate scrolled design. The brass pieces could then be set into the tortoiseshell ground (première partie) or the tortoiseshell into the brass ground (contrepartie). Boulle work continued to be used during the Régence period.

Edging called ormolu would be added to keep boulle in place.

Baroque

64
Q

cabinetmaker to Louis XIV

A

André Charles Boulle

Baroque

65
Q
A

Saltier/Saltire

In furniture, the name for an x-shaped stretcher of Italian origin.

Baroque

66
Q

Baroque furniture

A
  • Rectangular forms
  • Curves
  • Downturning arms
  • Arms that terminate in a scroll
  • Tapered legs with diagonal stretchers
  • Upholsterey materials consisted of tapestry, needlepoint, leather, cane, and heavy silk textiles (velvets and damask).
67
Q

characteristics of Baroque upholstery

A
  • Large patterns
  • Color of figures contrasted with background
  • Brilliantly colored chromatic values
68
Q
A

Fauteuil

A popular French armchair, first seen
during the Louis XIV period, with open
arms and an upholstered seat and back.

  • downturning arms that terminate in scroll/volute
  • Saltier or H-form stretcher
  • sometimes guilded
  • Hierarchical

BAROQUE

69
Q

Padding on the arm of a chair.

A

Manchette

BAROQUE

70
Q
A

Fauteuil

  • canned back
  • gilded wood
  • might have removable seat cushion
  • square pedestal leg

BAROQUE

71
Q
A

Wing chair

  • wing to provide a bit of protection from drafts
  • scroll legs

BAROQUE

72
Q
A

French Canape

  • designed with rectangular back framed by carved and gilt wood
  • square seat with carved decorative apron
  • eight legs connected by stretchers

BAROQUE

73
Q
A

French Commode

  • made in pairs because all peices were used for boulle
  • Boulle work
  • ormolu

BAROQUE

74
Q
A

Commode with Mirror

  • becomes focal point

BAROQUE

75
Q
A

COMMODE FOR VERSAILLES

  • Marbel top so that candle wax may be removed easily
  • Boulle work
  • Ormolu

BAROQUE

76
Q
A

Side table

  • Charles LeBrun
  • Gilded

BAROQUE

77
Q
A

Writing desk

  • Boulle work
  • Knee-hole writing table
  • leather top for writing with ink pen

BAROQUE

78
Q
A

Writing desk

  • knee-hole writing deak
  • Boulle work

BAROQUE

79
Q
A

Cabinet

  • two-section cabinet
  • Marquetry

BAROQUE

80
Q
A

Jewel cabinet

  • Made of ebony
  • Used pietra dura or intarsia for botanical patterns

BAROQUE

81
Q

name for cabinetmakers who specialize in ebony

A

Ebenistes

82
Q
A

Cabinet on stand

  • Boulle work

BAROQUE

83
Q
A

Wardrobe / Armoire

  • made in pair
  • Boulle floral marquetry
  • Ormolu
  • Bracket feet
  • For clothing

BAROQUE

84
Q
A

BUREAU

  • Walnut bookcase
  • Double-bonnet top
  • Finials
  • Bun feet

BAROQUE

85
Q
A

Silver Furniture

  • melted down to pay off debt that Louis XIV had created

BAROQUE

86
Q
A

Drawing of a bed by Daniel Marot

BAROQUE

87
Q

French Regence

A

Transitional period between the dealth of King Louis XIV and Louis XV.

  • Everybody begins to take pride in their homes.
  • Homes and room sized get smaller.
  • More specialized rooms.
  • More playful decorations.
88
Q
A

Jean-Antoine Watteau

Artist that becomes popular after death of Charles LeBrun.

Social, charming, lightheartedness topics.

French Regence

89
Q

How furniture changed from Baroque to Regence.

A

Straight, symmetrical patterns replaced by curving symmetrical shapes.

Flowers, garlands, elongated acanthus, shells.

90
Q

Guy during Regence period who was an influential sculptor and metal worker.

A

Charles Cressent

He worked against typical guild rules. He did not sign his furniture because he worked in both wood and bronze.

91
Q
A

Regence table

Charles Cressent

92
Q
A

Regence console table

  • With mirror
  • two legs up against a wall.
  • Cabriole leg
93
Q
A

Gilded regence console table

94
Q
A

Regence Commode

  • “big table with large drawers and beautiful ornaments”
  • Ormolu
  • Beneath each drawer there was a horizonal groove which extended the length of the drawer which was lined with brass
  • Bombe shape
  • Rosewood
  • Marble top
95
Q

A decorative plate for a keyhole.

A

escutcheon

Regence

96
Q
A

Regence commode: Charles Cressent

  • Singerie
  • Ormolu
  • Curving lines
  • escutcheons
97
Q

How dressers changed during Regence.

A

Drawers lost full board base - moved to tracks with less wood.

98
Q
A

Regence Bureau Plat

  • Straight front (no knee hole)
99
Q

Rococo

A

Louis XV

  • derived from the French word “Rocaille,” meaning rock and shell garden ornamentation
  • Human comfort was important
  • Small rooms
  • Special use rooms.
100
Q

Rococo interiors

A

Rococo interiors

  • Paintings in panels
  • Drawing rooms, sitting rooms, reception rooms, secret rooms
  • Pastel colors
  • Curved corners in paneling
  • Wall paper made to imitate tapestry, sometimes flocked. Imported from England.

Flooring: parquet, marble, terra-cotta

101
Q

Difference between baroque and rococo

A

Baroque = to glorify king

Rococo = for everyone

102
Q

Guy during Rococo who was popular for wallpaper

A

Jean Pillement

  • His designs were also used for fans, dresses, curtains, wallpaper, and porcelain.
  • Chinoiserie
103
Q

Rococo textiles

A
  • Reduced in scale
  • Scrolls, ribbons, flowers, shells, flowing in all-over pattern.
  • Printed cottons
  • Techniques called “toiles de jouy”
104
Q

Toiles de jouy

A

Introduced by Oberkampf, who came up with a large machine that would repeat a pattern. Common for one-color patterns on a white background.

Rococo

105
Q

Mme de Pompadour

A
  • Patron of the arts
  • Louis XV’s mistress
  • invested in trading with the Orient
  • Encouraged Sevres porcelain
106
Q
A

Sevres china

“Pink Pompadour”

Rococo

107
Q
A

Francois Boucher

Rococo

108
Q
A

Flemish “S” scroll leg

109
Q
A

Teardrop pull

110
Q
A

Flemish “S” Scroll leg

111
Q
A

Flemish “C” scroll armpost

112
Q
A

Square pedestal leg

113
Q
A

Bun foot form

114
Q
A

Flemish “C” Scroll

115
Q
A

Baroque - style foot form

116
Q
A

Bonnet or hooded pediment

117
Q
A

Trumpet turning

118
Q
A

Pedestal leg

119
Q
A

Bell turning or inverted cup turning

120
Q
A

Barley sugar twist

121
Q
A

Double bonnet or double hooded pediment

122
Q
A

Spanish foot or paintbrush foot

123
Q

Menuisier

A

Ébéniste

A French joiner working with chairs and other furniture made from solid wood.

124
Q
A

Bergere

  • Women liked because it was suited for women’s proportions and would work with women’s clothing.
  • Often gilded.
  • Manchettes
  • Shoed feet.
  • Smaller scale, pastel upholstery fabric.

Rococo

125
Q
A

Fauteuil

  • manchette
  • less upholstery

ROCOCO

126
Q
A

Marquis

  • loveseat
  • may be near a fireplace

ROCOCO

127
Q
A

Voyeuse

  • shelf where someone could stand and rest their elbows

ROCOCO

128
Q
A

Voyeuse

  • shelf where someone could stand and rest their elbows
  • Men would strattle the chair so they would have somewhere to put their elbows.

ROCOCO

129
Q
A

Canape

  • length would vary
  • often had eight legs
  • manchettes
  • exposed wood framing

ROCOCO

130
Q
A

Chaise lounge or Duchesse

  • Gondola (rounded) back
  • one long seat
  • often had cabriole leg with scroll/whorl

ROCOCO

131
Q
A

Duchesse Brisse

  • detachable to more than one part

ROCOCO

132
Q
A

Corner Bergere

ROCOCO

133
Q
A

Veilleuse

  • day bed
  • side protects from draft

ROCOCO

134
Q
A

Bureau de Roi

  • made by Jean Fancois Oeben and Riesner
  • roll-top desk
  • for Louis XV, who wanted privacy
  • more modest than baroque, which would have featured boulle work

ROCOCO

135
Q
A

SLANT TOP DESK

  • more for women / more delicate

ROCOCO

136
Q
A

SLANT TOP DESK

  • chinoiserie
  • Vernis Martin

ROCOCO

137
Q
A

Bureau Plat

  • Ormolou protects edged of expensive wood

ROCOCO

138
Q
A

Commode

  • Placed below mirror
  • lighter in appearance that baroque
  • bombay shape
  • concealed division between drawers
  • marble top for ease of candle wax removal

ROCOCO

139
Q
A

Commode

  • black and gold
  • Ormolu
  • Vernis-Martin
  • Chinoiserie

ROCOCO

140
Q

Vernis-Martin

A

A French term used to describe the shiny lacquerwork developed in the early 18th century, the latter part of the Louis XIV period, by the Martin brothers that imitated the lacquered relief work of the Far East.

ROCOCO

141
Q
A

Mechanical writing and toilet table

ROCOCO

142
Q
A

chiffonniere

ROCOCO

143
Q
A

CORNER CABINET

  • covered up corners (right angles) in rooms

ROCOCO

144
Q
A

SMALL TABLE

  • marquetry
  • drawer for storage

ROCOCO

145
Q

Hôtel particulier

A

Private townhouse. Distinguished by open space at both the front and back and the appearance of symmetry. Used enfilade. Used to be just for city nobility.

Furnishings: Prehistoric to English (12 decks)

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