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A&P III > exam #3; fall 2012 > Flashcards

exam #3; fall 2012 Flashcards

1
Q

testosterone is a major sex hormone in men

A

true

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2
Q

there are no differences between a fetus and embryo

A

false

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3
Q

the secondary sex characteristics (beard, body hair, muscling) develop in the human female under the influence of testosterone

A

false

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4
Q

epinephrine is a steroid hormone released as part of the “fight or flight” response

A

false

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5
Q

steroid hormones are made from cholesterol

A

true

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6
Q

the sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in the process of erection

A

false

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7
Q

the mullerian ducts develop into the ovaries, uterus, and the posterior vagina in the female

A

true

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8
Q

large number of spermatozoa make up the majority (most) of the contents of semen

A

false

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9
Q

melanocytes are responsible for the sleep-wake cycle in humans

A

false

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10
Q

the haploid spermatozoan nucleus joins with the nucleus of the ovum creating fertilized ovum that rapidly implants into the wall of the uterus

A

false

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11
Q

following fertilization, the conceptus undergoes cell division going to a 2 cells stage to 4 cell stage to 8 cell stage to morulla to blastocyte with the cells getting progressively smaller

A

true

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12
Q

the labia minora develop from the labioscrotal folds in the female during ‘in utero’ development

A

false

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13
Q

the average man ejaculates about 20 ml of semen containing about 50 million spermatozoa

A

false

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14
Q

the first milk produced is called colostrum and is high in antibodies that cross the gastrointestinal wall of the newborn infant providing active immunity against diseases

A

false

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15
Q

all hormones are transported in the blood bound to specific binding proteins

A

false

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16
Q

all the mitotic divisions of the cells that develop into the ovum are completed during ‘in utero’ development

A

true

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17
Q

rupture of the graffian follicle and the release of the ovum are provoked by the hormone, luteinizing hormone

A

true

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18
Q

during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the uterine myoepithelial and perimetrial cells undergo growth and development

A

false

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19
Q

during ejaculation, spermatozoa are deposited directly into the uterus of women

A

false

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20
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in the process of erection

A

true

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21
Q

aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex in responce to angiotensin II

A

true

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22
Q

epinephrine increase both blood flow to the muscles and the concentration of glucose in the blood

A

true

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23
Q

the cells that ultimately develop into gametes are the primordial germ cells and these migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridges

A

true

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24
Q

gluconeogenesis is the process by which glycogen is synthesized in the liver

A

false

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25
Q

the primary sex or reproductive organ of a women is the uterus

A

false

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26
Q

stages of human development include: the ramulla, blastocyte, embryo, fetus and neonate

A

false

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27
Q

nitric oxide (together with cGMP) plays a critical role in the process of erection

A

true

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28
Q

the medulla of the indifferent gonad develops into the ovary if there is no functioning SRY gene

A

false

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29
Q

all human embryos that are XX become female

A

false

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30
Q

examples of steroid hormones are progesterone, cortisol, estradiol, and epinephrine

A

false

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31
Q

steroid hormones act by binding to receptors on the surface of the cell membranes of target tissues

A

false

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32
Q

surprisingly, the uterus has no ligaments supporting it

A

false

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33
Q

cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stress with stress increasing the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland via the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin releasing hormones

A

true

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34
Q

milk is let down from the alveoli in the mammary gland by a neuro-endocrine reflex with suckling leading to the release of oxytocin from the anterior pituitary gland and this in turn causing valves in the mammary gland to relax

A

false

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35
Q

the placenta does no allow maternal antibodies to cross the fetus thereby preventing rejection

A

false

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36
Q

the average man ejaculates about 5 ml of semen containing about 250 million spermatozoa

A

true

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37
Q

the alpha cells in the endocrine pancreas produce glucagon in response to low blood glucose

A

true

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38
Q

the menstrual cycle of the woman differs from the estrus cycle in other mammals as coitus can occur at any time of the menstrual cycle

A

true

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39
Q

the mother’s heart pumps blood around the fetus

A

false

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40
Q

a 26 week fetus was conceived 26 weeks earlier

A

false

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41
Q

which of the following statements are required for something to be a hormone:

a. chemical messenger
b. influences targe tissues to respond in a specific manner
c. produced by an endocrine gland
d. travels to the target tissue via the blood stream

A

HORMONE: all of the above

a. chemical messenger
b. influences targe tissues to respond in a specific manner
c. produced by an endocrine gland
d. travels to the target tissue via the blood stream

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42
Q

which is the correct pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive system:

a. vagina, uterus, cervix, utero-tubal junction, oviduct
b. vagina, cervix, uterus, utero-tubal junction, oviduct
c. vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, utero-tubal junction
d. vagina, uterus, cervix, oviduct, utero-tubal junction

A

pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive system:

vagina, cervix, uterus, utero-tubal junction, oviduct

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43
Q

mullerian inhibitory hormone is produced by the embryonic testis. it INHIBITS:

a. growth of paramesonephric ducts
b. formation of female ducts
c. development of the secondary glands of the male
d. a and c
e. none of the above

A

mullerian inhibitory hormone INHIBITS:

growth of paramesonephric ducts

development of the secondary glands of the male

44
Q

for an erection to occur, blood accumulates in what structures in the penis:

a. hypophyseal arteries
b. corpora cavernosa
c. corpus spongiosum
d. none of the above
e. b and c

A

blood accumulates in what structures

corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiosum

45
Q

the prostate gland:

a. secretion contains citrate, calcium, and proteins
b. empties into the urethra
c. produces pre-ejaculate fluids and these lubricate the head of the penis for intromission
d. a and b
c. none of the above

A

prostate gland

secretion contains citrate, calcium, and proteins

empties into the urethra

46
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system:

a. triggers the release of nitric acid
b. stimulated after an orgasm
c. stimulated during excitement, leading to an erection
d. a and c
e. none of the above

A

the parasympathetic nervous system:

triggers the release of nitric acid

stimulated during excitement, leading to an erection

47
Q

Type II diabetes is caused by:

a. insulin resistance
b. hypo secretion of insulin
c. breakdown of beta-cells in the pancreas
d. a and c
e. all of the above

A

Type II diabetes

insulin resistance

48
Q

what hormones are released from the posterior pituitary:

a. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
b. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
c. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
d. Growth hormone (GH)
e. all of the above
f. none of the above

A

posterior pituitary
ADH, oxytocin

NOT
FSH, TSH, LH, GH

49
Q

the cortex of the adrenal gland contains both the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata. collectively, they are responsible for secreting:

a. epinephrine, norepinphrine
b. mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
c. glucocorticids (cortisol)
d. 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D
e. b and c
f. all of the above

A

zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata secrete:

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

glucocorticids (cortisol)

50
Q

LH (luteinizing hormone) has what function in the male

a. stimulating spermatogenesis
b. stimulating secretion of follicle stimulating hormone
c. stimulating follicle growth
d. stimulating production of testosterone
e. none of the above

A

LH function in male

stimulating production of testosterone

51
Q

what is true about melatonin

a. increased amounts are produced during the day
b. produced by pineal gland
c. responsible for the cesarean rhythm
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

TRUE melatonin

produced by the pineal gland

52
Q

what hormones have a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland:

a. triodothyronine inhibits release of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and hence release of TSH
b. Progesterone inhibits release of GnRH and hence release of LH
c. Testosterone inhibits release of GnRH and hence release of LH
d. All of the above
e. none of the above

A

Negative Feedback effect:

triodothyronin –> TRH –> TSH

Progesterone –> GnRH –> LH

Testosterone –> GnRH —> LH

53
Q

excess production of growth hormone can result in:

a. abnormal growth (giantism) if present in childhood
b. abnormal growth of bones in face and hands after puberty
c. problems in carbohydrate metabolism
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

excess production of growth hormone can result in:

a. abnormal growth (giantism) if present in childhood
b. abnormal growth of bones in face and hands after puberty
c. problems in carbohydrate metabolism

54
Q

cortisol:

a. it stimulates the production of glucose from amino-acids in the muscles. the glucose is then released into the bloodstream
b. it is released in response to stress such as bungee jumping in the short term and unemployment longterm
c. insufficient production of cortisol is called cushing’s syndrome with wasting of the arms and legs, development of buffalo obesity and and the moon face
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

cortisol

it is released in response to stress such as bungee jumping in the short term and unemployment longterm

55
Q

milk is produced from the mammary glands to nourish the infants:

a. human milk is identical to cow’s milk
b. milk production is stimulated by prolactin with prolactin released when there is suckling
c. milk is let down (forced out) of the mammary glands by contractions of the alveolar epithelial cells
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

milk is produced from the mammary glands to nourish the infants:

milk production is stimulated by prolactin with prolactin released when there is suckling

56
Q

what is true about the uterus:

a. there are three major layers: the glandular endometrium. myometrium (smooth muscle), and perimetrium (connective tissue)
b. the endometrium is stimulated by estradiol and progesterone
c. the myometrium contracts during labor
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

what is true about the uterus

there are three major layers: the glandular endometrium. myometrium (smooth muscle), and perimetrium (connective tissue)

the endometrium is stimulated by estradiol and progesterone

the myometrium contracts during labor

57
Q

various approaches to fertility control have different effectiveness: OF 100 COUPLES

a. who practice no birth control, 50% will be prego within a year
b. who use condoms 5% will be prego within a year
c. who use withdraw method 85% will be prego within a year
d. none of the above

A

none of the above

58
Q

insulin has the following characteristics:

a. it is released in response to increased blood concentrations of glucose and release in incretin, hormones from gastro-intestinal tract
b. it is a protein/ polypeptide hormone
c. very low production following destruction of the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas is the cause of type I diabetes (mellitus)
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

insulin:

it is released in response to increased blood concentrations of glucose and release in incretin, hormones from gastro-intestinal tract

it is a protein/ polypeptide hormone

very low production following destruction of the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas is the cause of type I diabetes (mellitus)

59
Q

thyroid hormones have:

a. each thyroxine molecule has four iodine atoms while triiodothyonine has three
b. thyroxine and triidothyronine are considered as protein/polypeptide hormones
c. triiodothyronine is the active thyroid hormone
d. a and c
e. all of the above

A

thyroid hormones:

each thyroxine molecule has four iodine atoms while triiodothyonine has three

triiodothyronine is the active thyroid hormone

60
Q

NOT correct:

a. in the indifferent stage of fetal development the male and female gonads appear to be the same
b. The XY genotype always gives a male phenotype
c. if a functioning SRY gene is present, it causes the development, it causes the development of the fetus
d. the primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridges during embryonic development
e. all of the above

A

NOT correct:

The XY genotype always gives a male phenotype

61
Q

in the indifferent stage of fetal development the male and female gonads appear to be the same

A

true

62
Q

if a functioning SRY gene is present, it causes the development, it causes the development of the fetus

A

true

63
Q

the primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridges during embryonic development

A

true

64
Q

the paramesonephric duct:

a. its development is stimulated by mullerian inhibitory factor
b. stimulated by testosterone
c. it develops into the uterus, oviduct/uterine tubules, cervix and part of the vagina in females
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

the paramesonephric duct:

it develops into the uterus, oviduct/uterine tubules, cervix and part of the vagina in the female

65
Q

the disadvantages of oral contraceptives for fertility control are the following:

a. the testosterone in them cause increased body and facial hair
b. there are only effective when taken as directed
c. there are no side effects
d. a and c
e. none of the above

A

the disadvantages of oral contraceptives for fertility control are the following

there are only effective when taken as directed

66
Q

advantages of vasectomy include the following:

a. there is increased release of testosterone
b. it is very effective in preventing pregnancy
c. surgery only requires local anesthesia
d. b and c
e. none of the above

A

advantages of vasectomy

it is very effective in preventing pregnancy

surgery only requires local anesthesia

67
Q

concerning the uterus, which of the following statements are FALSE:

a. in a non-prego woman, the myometrium is about 1.25cm thick
b. the myometrium is composed of smooth muscle
c. the endometrium is the site for implantation
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

Uterus false

in a non-prego woman, the myometrium is about 1.25cm thick

68
Q

the myometrium is composed of smooth muscle

A

true

69
Q

the endometrium is the site for implantation

A

true

70
Q

TRUE in terms of the regulation of temperature that exists in the testes:

a. the testes descend in order to maintain a cooler temperature than the body to allow for sperm production
b. the pampiniform plexus helps cool arterial blood moving from body to testes and warm the venous blood moving from testes to body
c. muscles contract to move the testes closer to the body when testes temperatures is too low
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

TRUE in terms of the regulation of temperature that exists in the testes

the testes descend in order to maintain a cooler temperature than the body to allow for sperm production

pampiniform plexus helps cool arterial blood moving from body to testes and warm the venous blood moving from testes to body

muscles contract to move the testes closer to the body when testes temperatures is too low

71
Q

the testes descend in order to maintain a cooler temperature than the body to allow for sperm production

A

true

72
Q

muscles contract to move the testes closer to the body when testes temperatures is too low

A

true

73
Q

the pampiniform plexus helps cool arterial blood moving from body to testes and warm the venous blood moving from testes to body

A

true

74
Q

true concerning menstrual cycle:

a. there is release of estrogen from the developing follicle
b. ovulation occurs about 14 days after the first day of menses
c. the endometrium becomes thicker under the influence of both estrogen and progesterone
d. all ove the above
e. none of the above

A

true concerning menstrual cycle:

there is release of estrogen from the developing follicle

ovulation occurs about 14 days after the first day of menses

the endometrium becomes thicker under the influence of both estrogen and progesterone

75
Q

there is release of estrogen from the developing follicle

A

true

76
Q

ovulation occurs about 14 days after the first day of menses

A

true

77
Q

the endometrium becomes thicker under the influence of both estrogen and progesterone

A

true

78
Q

true about spermatozoa:

a. spermatozoa contains a package of enzymes called an acrosome, which allows them to penetrate the layers around the ovum
b. spermatozoa contains 46 chromosomes
c. there is little to no protein synthesis within a sperm cell
d. a and c
e. all of the above

A

TRUE spermatozoa:

spermatozoa contains a package of enzymes called an acrosome, which allows them to penetrate the layers around the ovum

there is little to no protein synthesis within a sperm cell

79
Q

there is little to no protein synthesis within a sperm cell

A

true

80
Q

spermatozoa contains a package of enzymes called an acrosome, which allows them to penetrate the layers around the ovum

A

true

81
Q

fertilization normally occurs when the ovum is:

a. anywhere in the oviduct (or Fallopian or uterine tubes)
b. at the ampullar-isthmic junction in the oviduct
c. in the uterus
d. in the ovary
e. none of the above

A

fertilization normally occurs when the ovum is:

at the ampullar-isthmic junction in the oviduct

82
Q

interstitial (Leydig) cells do the following:

a. produce testosterone
b. provide nutrients to developing spermatozoa
c. cool the testes
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

interstitial (Leydig) cells

produce testosterone

83
Q

an individual with the genotypes will have the following characteristics:

a. XX (no SRY gene) - female external genitalia and functioning ovary
b. XX with SRY gene transposed- male external genitalia and functioning testes
c. XO genotype (Turner’s syndrome)- female external genitalia but non-functioning ovary
d. XXX female-external genitalia and functioning ovary

A

all of the above

84
Q

XX (no SRY gene) - female external genitalia and functioning ovary

A

true

85
Q

XX with SRY gene transposed- male external genitalia and functioning testes

A

true

86
Q

XO genotype (Turner’s syndrome)- female external genitalia but non-functioning ovary

A

true

87
Q

XXX female-external genitalia and functioning ovary

A

true

88
Q

parturition has the following characteristics:

a. there are two phases with transition between them
b. the strongest conditions of the myometrium occur during phase 2 of parturition culminating when the baby is born
c. the placenta normally breaks down in the uterus after the delivery
d. all ove the above
e. non of the above

A

none of the above

89
Q

parturition

there are two phases with transition between them

A

false

90
Q

parturition

the strongest conditions of the myometrium occur during phase 2 of parturition culminating when the baby is born

A

false

91
Q

parturition

the placenta normally breaks down in the uterus after the delivery

A

false

92
Q

hormones are measured for the following reasons:

a. if human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is present in a woman’s urine, this is an indicator of prego
b. if growth hormone (GH) is pathologically high, this is a very good indicator of acromegaly
c. luteinizing hormone (LH) is measured to show whether ovulation is about to occur

A

all of the above

93
Q

if human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is present in a woman’s urine

A

this is an indicator of prego

94
Q

if growth hormone (GH) is pathologically high

A

this is a very good indicator of acromegaly

95
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) is measured to show

A

whether ovulation is about to occur

96
Q

best describe the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

a. it is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland from the precursor proopiomelanocortin
b. its release is stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone
c. it binds to receptors on the cell membrane in the adrenal cortex
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

all of the above

97
Q

it is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland from the precursor proopiomelanocortin

A

the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

98
Q

its release is stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone

A

the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

99
Q

it binds to receptors on the cell membrane in the adrenal cortex

A

the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

100
Q

which of the following is true about the hormone progesterone:

a. it is released from the pre-ovulatory follicle
b. it allows prego to occur
c. it increases immunity and blood levels of glucose
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

progesterone

allows pregnancy to occur

101
Q

the hormone progesterone is released from the corpus luteum after ovulation under stimulation from human chorionic gonadotropin and acts to allow pregnancy

A

true

102
Q

if fasting glucose concentrations are elevated, this is important diagnostic of diabetes insipidus

A

false

103
Q

according to the national institutes of health, the most common form of cancer resulting in death of men over 75 is prostate cancer

A

true

104
Q

the embryo develops from the inner mass of trophoblast

A

true

105
Q

secretions of the seminal vesicles make up about 25% of semen and contain lactose

A

false

A&P III (6 decks)

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