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A&P III > endocrinology- I > Flashcards

endocrinology- I Flashcards

1
Q

definition

hormone

A

chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands

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2
Q

hormones are produced by

A

endocrine glands

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless

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4
Q

hormones are released

A

into circulation and travel to target tissues where after binding to specific receptors

they exert specific effect

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5
Q

endocrine glands

definition

A

no ducts

  • -release hormones into tissue fluids
  • -have dense capillary networks to distribute hormones
  • -intracellular effects, alter target cell metabolism
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6
Q

Exocrine glands

definition

A
  • -ducts carry secretion to a surface or organ cavity

- -extracellular effects (food digestion)

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7
Q

steroids

A

–all steroids are metabolites of cholesterol

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8
Q

steroids are

A

hydrophobic

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9
Q

most steroid hormones have

A

specific binding protein in the plasma

e.g. SSBG, transcortin

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10
Q

Steroids bind

A

specific nuclear receptors

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11
Q

example of progestins

A

progesterone

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12
Q

progesterone

A

main sex steroid in the second half of the menstrual cycle

and pregnancy

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13
Q

progesterone maintains

A

pregnancy

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14
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

Na+ retention

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15
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

INCREASE glucose

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16
Q

dihydroxy Vit D

calcitriol

A

not a steroid

acts as nuclear receptor Ca2+ absorbed

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17
Q

androgens

A

testosterone

main circulating male sex steroid

penis growth, 2nd sex char, male behavior, libido

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18
Q

testosterone converted in target cells to

A

estradiol
or
5 alpha dihydrotestisterone

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19
Q

deficiency of

estradiol
or
5 alpha dihydrotestisterone

A

born with ambiguous genitalia

despite XY
possible sex reveral at puberty
male born with few/no androgen receptors

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20
Q

estrogen

A

18C

estradiol
estriol

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21
Q

estradiol

A

menstrual cycle

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22
Q

estriol

A

late in pregnancy

uterus growth
secondary sex characteristics
female behavior, libido

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23
Q

protein and polypeptide hormones

A

have primary amino acid structure

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24
Q

polypeptide hormones

A

have less amino acids than protein hormones

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25
Q

examples of protein hormones

A
  1. insulin
  2. growth hormone
  3. follicle-stimulation hormone
  4. glycoproteins
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26
Q

glycoproteins

A

LH

FSH

TSH

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27
Q

peptide hormone…

A

anti-diuretic hormone

oxytocin

GnRH

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28
Q

for each receptor sites on plasma membranes..

A

hormone binds and leads to a cascade of events in cell and ultimately an effect

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29
Q

amine hormones

A

have NH2 group at end of molecule synthesized from single amino-acids

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30
Q

amine hormones act

A

at plasma membrane receptor

e.g catecholamines

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31
Q

amine hormones ex

A
  1. norepinephrine
  2. epinephrine
  3. melatonin
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32
Q

eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins

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33
Q

hypersecretion

A

endocrine secretion

Too much

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34
Q

hyposecretion

A

endocrine secretion

too little

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35
Q

endocrine diseases

A
  1. hypersecretion
  2. absence/ nonfunctioning receptors
  3. hyposecretion
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36
Q

endocrine organs

A
  1. pineal gland
  2. hypothalamus
  3. pituitary gland
  4. thyroid gland
  5. thymus
  6. adrenal gland
  7. parathyroid gland
  8. gonads
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37
Q

pineal gland

A

found in the brain

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38
Q

pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

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39
Q

pituitary gland is suspended

A

from hypothalamus by stalk (infundibulum)

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40
Q

location and size of pituitary gland

A

housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

1.3 cm diameter

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41
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

arises from hypophyseal pouch

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42
Q

hypophyseal pouch

A

out growth of pharynx

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43
Q

neurohypophysis

A

arises from brain

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44
Q

pituitary gland sits

A

in hole called sella turcica

turkish saddle

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45
Q

pituitary gland is called

A

“master gland”

of endocrine system

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46
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. LH
  4. FSH
  5. GH
  6. prolactin
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47
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  1. oxytocin

2. vassopressin

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48
Q

target gonads

A

gonadotropin

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49
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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50
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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51
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

thyrotropin

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52
Q

ACTCH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

corticotropin

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53
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

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54
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

somatotropin

55
Q

pars intermedia

A

–present in fetus, absent in adult

–remnant cells

–produce MSH

56
Q

Remnant cells

A

produce POMC
(pro-opiomelanocortin)

processed into ACTH and endorphins

57
Q

MSH in animals influences

A

pigmentation of skin, hair, or feathers

58
Q

MSH

A

no present/functioning in human pituitary but present in skin

59
Q

hypothalamus

A

“master gland”

neuroendocrine organ

60
Q

hypothalamus synthesizes

A

OT

ADH

61
Q

hypothalamus controls

A

the release of hormones at the anterior pituitary gland

62
Q

hypothalamus secretes

A

releasing factors or inhibiting factors

63
Q

blood goes to

A

anterior pituitary from hypothalamus

64
Q

thyroid

A

found on either side of trachea

65
Q

thyroid hormones produced by

A

thyroid epithelial cells from thyroglobulin

66
Q

thyroid hormones

A

T4 T3

increases BMR
Increases cell oxidation
Increases heat generation (uncoupling)
growth and development

67
Q

thyroid produces…

A

calcitonin by C cells

Decreases Ca2+ in bloodstream

68
Q

parathyroid glands

A

found embedded in the thyroid tissue

69
Q

parathyroid glands produce

A

parathyroid hormone

  • -polypeptide
  • -increase Ca2+ in bloodstream
70
Q

thymus

A

produces thymosins and other hormones

71
Q

Atria produce

A

atrial natriuretic factor or peptide

ANF or ANP

72
Q

ventricles brain

A

natiuretic factor
or peptide
BNF or BNP

73
Q

Na+ balance in body..

A

indirectly BP regulation

74
Q

adrenal glands found

A

superior to the kidneys in most mammalian species

involved with stress response

75
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer layer

responsible for the synthesis of

  1. aldosterone
  2. cortisol
  3. sex steroids
76
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner layer

responsible for secretion of
epinephrine
norepinephrine

involved in emergency reactions

77
Q

stomach

A

releases gastrin from G-cells

78
Q

duodenum releases

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

79
Q

duodenum goes

A

to gallbladder to release bile

80
Q

duodenum goes to pancreas

A

to release enzymes to break down protein

81
Q

duodenum releases secretin

A

goes to pancreas to release HCO3- to neutralize low pH

82
Q

pancreas releases

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide

83
Q

fat cells

A

leptin

84
Q

kidney

A

Renin

erythropoietin

85
Q

gonads

A

ovaries

testes

86
Q

ovaries produce

A

estrogen (estradiol)
progesterone

inhibin
relaxin

87
Q

testes produce

A

testosterone

inhibin

88
Q

placenta

A

rich source of hormones

89
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

hCG

A

maintains pregnancy

acts like LH-basis for home pregnancy test

90
Q

human placental lactogen

HPL

A

acts like growth hormone

91
Q

progesterone

A

maintains pregnancy

92
Q

estrogen

A

estriol

93
Q

feeback mechanisms

A

regulate hormone concentrations

94
Q

negative feedback loop

LH

A

LH to blood

  • causes testosterone production INCREASE
  • testosterone enters the blood (brain): inhibits release of LH DECREASE
95
Q

positive feedback loop

A

very few hormonal systems exist

96
Q

hypothalamus is critical

A

to life controlling reproduction, body temp, stress response, eating, drinking

97
Q

pituitary gland

A

made up of anterior/posterior

98
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH

A

produced from proopiomelatocortin(POCMC)

released into blood –> adrenal cortex –> release glucocorticoids

cortisol is major INCREASE

99
Q

-tropin

A

exerting an action or stimulating growth

100
Q

glucocorticoids exert

A

a negative feedback effect on

ACTH release at the anterior pituitary

101
Q

Luteinizing hormone

LH

A

glycoprotein to blood

102
Q

LH action on females

A

causes produces ovulation

stimulates CL to produce progesterone (maintain pregnancy) and estrogen

103
Q

LH action on

males

A

stimulates Leydig or intestitial cells in testis –> testosterone INCREASES leads to male characteristics
beard, body hair, muscling, balding

104
Q

testosterone or progesterone exert

A

a negative feedback

105
Q

luteinizing

A

causes formation of the corpus luteum CL

106
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone

FSH

A

glycoprotein

2nd gonadotropin

107
Q

FSH…

A

ACTIONS on gonads

female STIMULATES FOLLICLES
causes estrogen release (by FOLLICLES in ovaries)
stimulates production of inhibin which inhibits FSH release

108
Q

FSH males stimulates

A

spermatogenesis

109
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

TSH

A

Thyrotropin

110
Q

TSH

A

glycoprotein

acts on thyroid gland

  • -production and release of thyroid hormones
  • -growth

–thyroxine and triiodothyronine INCREASE

111
Q

thyroid hormones have

A

negative feedback effct on the TSH

112
Q

growth hormone

GH

A

protein

called somatotropin

muscle size INCREASE and bone accretion

113
Q

GH acts

A

through IGF-1 on growth

114
Q

excess growth hormone

A

in children leads to gigantism

115
Q

excess GH in adults

A

acromegaly

only affects areas that can still grown
hands, head, feat

116
Q

deficiency of GH

A

hypopituitary dwarf

treated with human growth hormone

117
Q

laron dwarf

A

lacking GH receptor

118
Q

prolactin

A

protein

lactation

  • -mammary gland development
  • -milk production
119
Q

melanocytes

A

cells in skin that contain melanin changes skin color

120
Q

brown/black pigment

A

eumelanin

121
Q

red/orange

A

pheomelanin

122
Q

hormones released from the posterior pituitary

A

produced in hypothalamus

123
Q

neurosecretory neurons

A

nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus.

modified axons to PP

124
Q

neurosecretory neurons end up with

A

neurosecretory terminals

125
Q

ADH or vasopressin

A

9 amino acids

126
Q

ADH or vasopressin

acts on

A

distal convoluted tubule and collectind ducts

127
Q

ADH vasopressin

does what

A

INCREASE permeability to H2O

no feedback mechanism

128
Q

oxytocin

size

A

9 amino acid

peptide

129
Q

Oxytocin…

A

pitocin is a sythetic oxytocin analog

130
Q

Oxytocin actions

A

INCREASE smooth muscle contraction in

uterus, vagina, mammary glands

131
Q

Milk ejection

A

Hypo –> PP –> oxytocin –> milk ejection

132
Q

Milk production

A

Hypo –> AP –> prolactin –> milk production

133
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone

TRH

A

released by hypothalamic neurons into blood

TSH secretion INCREASED

negative feedback

prolactin secretion INCREASE

A&P III (6 decks)

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