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IP 11 Equine Medicine > exam 3 - equine dentistry > Flashcards

exam 3 - equine dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

why is dental care important for the modern horse?

A
  • modified diets - designed to eat grass and but are fed hay and grain often times
  • intermittent feeding - designed to eat small amounts, continually, but are fed 2-3x per day
  • inc performance demands
  • inc owner expectations
  • general well being
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2
Q

t/f

young horses do not need dental care typically - it is more important for older horses only

A

false

ALL horses - different ages have different needs - but they all need dental care

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3
Q

what are some signs that a horse might be having dental problems / dz?

A
  • dropping feed
  • difficulty chewing
  • weight loss
  • bit problems
  • poor performance
  • foul odor
  • nasal discharge / facial swelling
  • lameness
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4
Q

t/f

if a geriatric horse is experiencing weight loss, the first differential on your list should be dental issues

A

false

MC geriatric horses experience weight loss to other issues

may be dental issue but this is not necessarily at the top of your list based on geriatric signalment

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5
Q

what are parts of a complete oral exam?

A

SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION

  • Hx and PE
  • observe horse in its environment
  • assess physical condition
  • assess feed and water source/s
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6
Q

what to evaluate on horse, specifically targeted at oral exam?

A 
external evaluation
occlusion [incisors and cheek teeth]
periodontal dz
endodontic components
oral soft tissues
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7
Q

what to look for in the external appearance of the animal for an oral exam:

A
  • head
  • symmetry of Mm
  • temporo mandibular joint (TMJ)
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8
Q

at what age should all incisors be “in wear” ?

A

by age 5

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9
Q

what to evaluate when looking at incisors:

A
  • “in wear”?
  • occlusion
  • periodontal dz
  • endodontic dz
  • soft tissues
  • excursion
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10
Q

t/f

a thorough oral exam can be carried out without the use of sedation and analgesia

A

false

sedation and analgesia allow for more thorough exam, less stressful for horse and less dangerous for human

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11
Q

what classes of drugs are often used for sedation during an oral exam?

A

alpha 2 agonists
butorphanol
+/- NSAIDs

combinations

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12
Q

what a 2 agonists are often used during sedation for an oral exam?

A

xylazine
detomidine
romifidine

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13
Q

what type of drug is butorphanol?

A

opiate partial agonist

controlled substance

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14
Q

t/f

light sedation is sufficient to conduct an oral exam

A

false

deeper sedation is better - ensure they feel no pain and do not struggle / potentially injure you

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15
Q

down sides to using Butorphanol for sedation:

A
  • paperwork b/c it is a controlled substance

- do NOT use alone or it may cause hyperexcitability

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16
Q

how does detomidine compare with xylazine ?

A

detomidine lasts longer and causes a slightly deeper sedation

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17
Q

what simple tool is necessary for a well rounded dental / oral exam?

A

dental speculum

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18
Q

advantages to a full mouth speculum:

A
  • visualizations
  • digital palpation
  • manipulations - floating, extracting teeth
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19
Q

disadvantages to a full mouth speculum:

A
  • large and heavy
  • can be a weapon when in the horse’s mouth if the horse is NOT cooperative
  • adequate sedation is necessary
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20
Q

what does a speculum examination allow you to do?

A
  • visualize
  • feel for sharp points
  • hooks
  • loose or fractured teeth
  • show owner [prove your worth]
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21
Q

what is a dental halter?

how might it be beneficial?

A
  • provides a safe and effective way to support the horse’s head
  • saves your back and your technicians
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22
Q

what should you rinse the mouth with before examination?

why?

A
  • chlorhexidine rinse
  • antiseptic and allows for better visualization
  • evaluate sedation status of animal - if they allow you to rinse, they are probably sedated well enough for the exam
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23
Q

what is meant by the term “balancing the mouth” ?

A
  • decrease abnormal force on teeth
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24
Q

what aspects of the teeth are floated while balancing the mouth?

A
  • the buccal aspect of maxillary teeth
  • the lingual aspect of mandibular teeth
  • reduce tall teeth
  • reduce hooks
  • bit seat
  • address sharp canines
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25
Q

t/f

when balancing the mouth or floating, it is important to wear down the occlusal surface of each tooth

A

false

do NOT get into the occlusal surface - just float the sharp points

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26
Q

t/f

hand floats are an equivalent alternative to power equipment used for floating

A

false

kind of a matter of opinion - but she does NOT like hand floats b/c they are hard on you and the horse - she only recommends using power float tools

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27
Q

when should a horse have its first dental exam?

A

during the “new foal” exam

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28
Q

what are common congenital abnormalities to look for during a first foal exam?

A
  • wry nose
  • cleft palate
  • significant malocclusion
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29
Q

t/f

all congenital abnormalities should be corrected ASAP

A

false

controversial topic - we want the horse to be comfortable BUT many people will go on to breed the horse after the abnormality is fixed, passing on the poor genes [unethical]
if you don’t fix it, they are much less likely to breed it

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30
Q

age a horse should be floated for first time?

A

1 year

enamel points tend to be very sharp in young animals

also, wolf teeth can be addressed at this time

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31
Q

what is a common age many people start having their horse’s teeth floated?

why?

A

1.5 - 3 years

b/c all 24 deciduous teeth are shed at this time

also many horses will get “eruption cyst” - bony irregularity of mandible - periosteal rxn b/c roots of teeth go deep

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32
Q

how many permanent teeth do horses have?

A

36-44

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33
Q

what are “caps” ?

how are they dealt with?

A

retained deciduous incisors

carefully pop it off the top of the permanent tooth - easy to do - but do NOT be too rough or you risk damaging the pulp of the underlying permanent tooth

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34
Q

a “normal” adult horse has a full set of permanent teeth by what age?

A

5-6 yrs

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35
Q

a “normal healthy adult should have an oral exam how often?

A

annual

balance mouth - reduce abnormal forces

36
Q

geriatric horses may develop special needs - such as….

A

more frequent exams

  • look for loose or damaged teeth
  • address nutritional needs [often need complete feed]
  • ensure comfort
37
Q

what is quidding?

A

when a horse balls up feed in its cheeks

often geriatric horses do it

38
Q

what are some common abnormalities seen during dental exams?

A
  • wave mouth
  • prominent transverse ridges
  • loose teeth
  • fracture teeth
  • hooks
39
Q

what teeth MC develop hooks?

A

106/206 [maxillary]

311/411 [mandubilar]

40
Q

what is periodontal dz?

A

inflammation of the supporting structures of teeth - gingiva, periodontal ligg, cementum, alveolar bone

41
Q

t/f

periodontal dz is a 1* dz process

A

false

it occurs 2* to another issue

42
Q

____% of horses over the age of ___ years have periodontal dz

A

60%

15 years

43
Q

what % of 3-5 year olds have periodontal dz?

what is it MC d/t?

A

40%

d/t abnormalities of eruption

44
Q

___ % of 5-10 year olds have periodontal dz

A

20%

45
Q

when should periodontal dz be treated?

A
  • to balance the mouth
  • extreme discomfort
  • weight loss
  • tooth root infection
  • tooth loss
46
Q

what is the main goal when balancing the mouth?

A

taking pressure off areas in the mouth

47
Q

what specific treatments are used when treating periodontal dz?

A
  • clean pockets
  • anti bacterial packing
  • balance the mouh
  • extraction if severe
48
Q

what are indications for an extraction?

A
  • fractured/fragmented teeth
  • tooth root abscess
  • severe periodontal dz
  • EOTRH: equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis
  • trauma
  • impaction
49
Q

what is EOTRH?

what teeth does it affect?

what age horse?

A

Equine Odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis

incisors and canines

geriatric

50
Q

t/f

extractions are simple procedures that can be done under minimal sedation

A

false

extractions are technically demanding and time consuming procedures - require specialized equipment and PATIENCE

they can be done standing or under general anesthesia

complications are not uncommon

51
Q

what types of patients require general anesthesia for extractions?

A

young horses

complicated cases

52
Q

what type of restraint is used during extractions?

physical and chemical methods

A
  • stocks
  • Detomidine and Butorphanol combination
  • single injection
  • CRI
53
Q

what types of nerve blocks are used during extractions?

A

maxillary N
infraorbital N
mandibular N

54
Q

what are landmarks for a maxillary nerve block?

what regions does it desensitize?

A

pterygopalatine fossa

desensitizes: dental structures of maxilla and premaxilla, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity

55
Q

what canal does the pterygopalatine fossa take you into?

A

the infraorbital canal

56
Q

a maxillary nerve block requires caution b/c which nerve is nearby?

A

optic N

57
Q

what complications may occur with a maxillary nerve block?

A

infection, meningitis

retrobulbar hematoma [of the maxillary A]

58
Q

what type of needle is used during a maxillary nerve block?

A

Tuey spinal needle - it is beveled

59
Q

what region does the infraorbital nerve block desensitize within the canal AND rostral to the canal?

A

within the canal: premolars, alveoli and gingiva
rostral to the canal: skin of the lip, nostril and face

similar effect to maxillary N block

60
Q

what procedure is the infraorbital N block used for?

A

incisor extractions

61
Q

is there less resistance from the horse when doing a maxillary N block or an infraorbital nerve block?

A

horses prefer maxillary N block

they do NOT like the infraorbital N block so be very careful with this one…

62
Q

what regions does the mandibular nerve block desensitize?

A

mandible and all of its dental structures

63
Q

what is the landmark and injection site for the mandibular nerve block?

A

mandibular foramen

loc in the medial ramus

64
Q

what nerve is nearby during a mandibular nerve block?

what might occur if you hit this structure?

A

the hypoglossal nerve

horse will lose sensitization and may chew on their tongue, causing self trauma

65
Q

sterility is important during the madibular nerve block b/c what is a risk?

A

cellulitis

66
Q

where is the mental nerve block?

A

where the mandibular alveolar N emerges from the mental foramen as the mental N

67
Q

what region does the mental nerve block desensitize?

A 
canine
incisor 
rostral cheek teeth
alveoli
gingiva

rostral skin of lips and chin

68
Q

what is the common appearance of an impaction?

what type of anesthesia is required and what type of surgical technique to remove it?

A

lumpy face

general anesthesia and a sinus flap

69
Q

what do the bones/teeth look like in cases of EOTRH?

A

moth eaten appearance of incisor teeth and canines

70
Q

what are endodontics?

A

structures w/in the tooth - dental caries that are drilled and filled

often occur with geriatric horses

71
Q

what causes caries?

A

fissues and fractures
trauma (MC)
periodontal dz

72
Q

t/f

caries are repaired very easily

A

false

technically difficult b/c access is limited
specialized equipment is required

73
Q

indications for dental/oral x rays?

A
  • nasal discharge
  • draining tracts
  • abnormal chewing
  • reluctance to eat
  • loose or fractured tooth
  • skull fractures
74
Q

what technique is used for incisor and canine x rays?

A

intra oral and lateral

low exposure
patient MUST be sedated
plate loc as far Cd as possible in mouth of animal
beam is 60-80* from dorsal plane
center on Triadan 01s, right btwn nostrils

75
Q

t/f

lateral x rays are very helpful for tooth root abscesses

why or why not?

A

false

teeth and roots are super imposed on each other so you cannot see them clearly

lateral better for sinus views

76
Q

what angle of x ray is best to see tooth root abscesses?

A

maxillary / mandibular oblique views

77
Q

when shooting x rays, the plate is loc on the side you want to view or opposite the side you want to view?

A

plate loc on the side you want to view

78
Q

where are dorsoventral projection x rays shot from?

A

above the horse’s head - centered rostral to the eyes - in btwn the eyes and the nostrils - and in the center of the face

79
Q

what type of x ray angle / technique is best to view the clinical crown?

A

open mouth

80
Q

what structures can be viewed well with open mouth x rays?

A
  • erupted crowns
  • alveolar crest
  • diastema
  • crown fractures
  • abnormalities of wear
  • dental fragments
81
Q

what x ray view is very useful after extractions to visualize dental fragments?

A

open mouth views

82
Q

what is the main benefit to intra oral technique?

what challenge does it pose?

A

excellent quality images

BUT are harder to acquire

83
Q

benefits of CT?

A

cross section detail - no superimposition

good bone / soft tissue contrast

84
Q

CT used to Dx what?

A
  • fractures
  • dental dz
  • infection
  • neoplasia
85
Q

when using power equipment, what are 2 side effects you must be careful NOT to cause?

A

thermal damage to teeth

open pulp chamber

IP 11 Equine Medicine (10 decks)

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