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IP 11 Equine Medicine > Exam 3 - dental anatomy > Flashcards

Exam 3 - dental anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what type of teeth do horses have?

what is their eruptation pattern?

A

hypsodont

continue to reupt thru life of horse: erupt 2-3mm/yr

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2
Q

what are the 2 regions of the crown on a hypsodont tooth?

A

clinical crown - tooth above the surface of the gum

reserve crown - unerrupted tooth that will become the clinical crown as horse ages

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3
Q

what is the apical surface of the equine tooth?

A

the surface away from the occlusal surface

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4
Q

what is the lingual surface of the equine tooth?

A

medial aspect of mandibular teeth

surface next to the tongue

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5
Q

what is the palatal surface of the equine tooth?

A

medial aspect of maxillary teeth

surface next to the hard palate

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6
Q

what is the buccal surface of the equine tooth?

A

the surface nearest the cheek

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7
Q

what is the labial surface?

to which teeth does this refer?

A

the aspect of INCISORS that is in contact w the gingiva of the lips

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8
Q

what is the correct term to describe teeth loc near the front of the oral cavity?

A

mesial

also describes the most rostral part of each tooth

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9
Q

what is the correct term to describe teeth loc at the back of the oral cavity?

A

distal

also describes the back each tooth

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10
Q

where is the interproximal space loc?

A

in between the teeth

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11
Q

what is the diastema?

A

physiological normal space btwn the canines / corner incisors and first cheek teeth

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12
Q

what is anisognathic?

A

normal presentation of equine jaw

maxilla is wider than the mandible

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13
Q

what is the clinical significance of the anisognathic nature of the equine jaw?

A

as a result, the buccal aspect of the maxillary cheek teeth extend beyond the mandibular arcade

why horses develop sharp enamel points on the buccal aspect of maxillary arcades and lingual/palatal surface of mandibular arcades

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14
Q

what is the normal angle of the occlusal surface in horse jaw?

A

10-15 *

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15
Q

what is the angle of the mandible referred to as?

A

the Curve of Spee

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16
Q

if the Curve of Spee is sharply angled in a horse, how does that affect the mouth?

A

mandibular arcades can be angled more forward

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17
Q

t/f

an important aspect of equine dentistry is to alter the angulation of the occlusal surface to improve the horse’s occlusion

A

false

do NOT alter the angle of occlusion - some angulation is normal and even if it is not good, you are likely to do more harm than good

float points off - do NOT alter occlusal surface

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18
Q

what naming system is used to number horse teeth?

A

Triadin System

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19
Q

what is the number set appropriate for each quadrant of the mouth?

A

upper left: 100
upper right: 200
lower right: 300
lower left: 400

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20
Q

which numbers are the incisor teeth?

A

01, 02, 03

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21
Q

which numbers are the canine teeth?

A

04

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22
Q

what number is the wolf tooth? [if present]

A

05

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23
Q

what are numbers of cheek teeth?

A

06-11

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24
Q

memory cue:

in each arcade, there are ___ upper incisors, lower incisors and cheek teeth

A

6

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25
Q

what is the MC cause of sinusitis?

A

dental dz

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26
Q

how many sinuses are a part of the paranasal sinus system?

what is each sinus called?

A

6

dorsal
middle
ventral conchan
sphenopalatine
frontal
maxillary
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27
Q

what communicates via the conchofrontal sinus?

A

dorsal conchal sinus and frontal sinus

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28
Q

which sinus is the largest?

what compartments is it divided into? by what structure?

A

maxillary sinus

rostral and caudal compartments - divided via the maxillary septum

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29
Q

how does the Cd maxillary sinus communicate w the sphenopalatine sinus?

clinical significance?

A

via a small opening - loc ventral to the ethmoid turbinates and dorsal to cheek teeth 108/208

an infected 08 tooth can go thru the thin layer of bone an into the sinus easily

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30
Q

the rostral maxillary sinus contains the roots of which teeth?

A

108/208 and 109/209 - maxillary cheek teeth

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31
Q

the cd maxillary sinus contains the roots of which teeth?

A

110/111 and 210/211 - maxillary cheek teeth

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32
Q

infections in which teeth might lead to 2* sinusitis?

A

maxillary cheek teeth: 08, 09, 10, 11

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33
Q

infection of which maxillary cheek teeth should NOT lead to 2* sinus infection?

A

106/206
107/207

do NOT communicate w sinus structure

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34
Q

what layer of the tissue is the outer layer of the tooth?

A

cementum

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35
Q

which teeth have infundibulum?

A

maxillary cheek teeth

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36
Q

what is the infundibulum of the tooth?

A

invagination of enamel that contains cementum

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37
Q

what layer of tissue is located just deep to the cementum?

this is what is floated off during a dental.

A

outer enamel [peripheral enamel]

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38
Q

what tissue layer surrounds the infundibulum?

A

inner enamel

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39
Q

which teeth have 5 pulp horns?

A

all 07 - 10 teeth

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40
Q

which teeth have 6 pulp horns?

A

all 06 and mandibular 11s

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41
Q

which teeth have 7-8 pulp horns?

A

maxillary 11s

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42
Q

why is it important to be cognoscente of which teeth have how many pulp horns and where they are located?

A

when floating teeth, be careful to NOT get into the pulp horns

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43
Q

how do madibular teeth differ from maxillary teeth?

2 ways

A

they are simpler than maxillary teeth:

no infundibulum
outer enamel only - NO inner enamel

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44
Q

describe the composition and characteristics of enamel.

what does this mean in term of its function and healing capacity?

A
  • hardest substance in the body, very brittle

- high mineral content and no cellular inclusions => cannot repair itself

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45
Q

where is [peripheral] cementum loc and what is its function?

A

loc around the peripheral enamel - outer layer of tissue on the tooth

softer than enamel, so Px enamel fracture and helps maintain overall integrity of the tooth

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46
Q

how many types of enamel are there?

A

3

type 1, 2 and 3

47
Q

what teeth have type 1 enamel?

fxn?

A

cheek teeth

fxn to wear resistance, chornic

48
Q

where is type 2 enamel?

fxn?

A

incisors

fxn to wear shear forces

49
Q

where is type 3 enamel?

fxn?

A

less common distribution

considered a transitional enamel

50
Q

what tissue makes up the bulk of the tooth?
composition?
fxn?

A

dentin
made of 70% mineral and 30% organic [collagen, mucopolysaccharides, water]
adds tensile strength and compressibility properties to the tooth

51
Q

what is the benefit of the laminated structure of the teeth, comprised of dentin and cementum between (btwn) brittle enamel?

A
  • Px cracking of teeth

- creates irregular occlusal surface - rough surface is necessary for grinding forage

52
Q

how is the differential wear btwn the hard enamel and softer cementum and dentin clinically significant?

A

soft tissue wears down faster so hard points of enamel are left -> routine care to remove points is necessary to prevent damage to soft pallet

53
Q

how many types of dentin are there?

A

3 - 1, 2 and 3*

54
Q

what are the components of 1* dentin?

fxn?

A

tubules that surround odontoblast processes

intra tubular dentin tubules: line tubules
intertubular dentin tubules: bridge the pulp to the enamel

55
Q

what is the structure of 2* dentin?
types?
fxn?

A

has wider tubules than 1* dentin and has NO intratubular dentin

can be regular or irregular

regular: continuous w 1* dentin
irregular: laid down in response to normal attrition of the occlusal surface of the tooth; Px occlusal pulpar exposure that occurs w wear

56
Q

tertiary dentin fxn?

A

laid down locally in response to noxious stimulus - trauma or infection

57
Q

what is pulp?

composition?

A

soft tissues w/in dental pulp cavities
contains CT skeleton, vasculature, lymphatics, Nn, fibroblasts

***can differentiate into odontoblasts if stimulated to do so

58
Q

at the time of eruption, what is a tooth composed of?

A

a single, large pulp chamber with a thick layer of enamel around the pulp

59
Q

how does the composition of teeth change by the age of 2y?

A

by 2 y: both dentin and cementum have been deposited around apical aspects of the tooth

the roots are developing

separate pulp horn development (1y after eruption)

60
Q

all 07-10 teeth have how many pulp horns?

A

5

61
Q

all 06 and mandibular 11 teeth have how many pulp horns?

A

6

62
Q

maxillary 11 teeth have how many pulp horns?

A

7-8

63
Q

incisor teeth have how many pulp horns?

A

1

64
Q

what dental tissue is the softest?

A

cementum

65
Q

what is the composition of cementum?

fxn?

A

white/cream colored, contains 65% mineral and 35% organic compounds and water

  • part of the periodontium - ensures the tooth stays anchored in place while it continues to erupt
  • improves flexibility over enamel, which is mostly mineral content
  • major structural component of the clinical crown - high water and organic content - Px fractures of brittle enamel
  • reparative fxn
66
Q

describe the reparative fxn of cementum?

A
  • peripheral cementum is formed subocclusally throughout the life of the tooth, deposited rapidly in response to stimuli
67
Q

what do the organic components of the cementum do?

A

anchor tooth into the bone

68
Q

where does the blood supply for the tooth come from?

A

periodontal lig

69
Q

t/f

incisor teeth are comparable to brachydont teeth in form and fxn

A

brachydont

70
Q

how many incisors does an adult horse have?

A

12

71
Q

t/f

horses will develop spaces btwn their incisor teeth as they age?

A

true - incisors taper from the occlusal surface to the apex

72
Q

what is the infundibulum of the incisor tooth called?

what tissue is it filled with?

A

the cup

filled w cementum

73
Q

as the infundibulum wears away, the cup disappears and is referred to as what?

A

the mark

74
Q

at what age does the mark on the incisors wear away?

what is left in its place?

A

18 yrs

dental star - demarcation on the occlusal surface of the incisor

75
Q

incisors become more or less angulated w age?

A

more

76
Q

what is the normal occlusion of the incisors from a frontal view and profile?

A

front: Horizontal bite plane
profile: Contact edge to edge

77
Q

what is brachygnathism?

A

short mandible - maxilla ends up curling over the mandible

many chronic dental issues result - cheek teeth become mal-aligned too

78
Q

what is an overjet or overbite?

A

elongated maxilla

79
Q

what is prognathism?

A

a protruding jaw

80
Q

what are some common incisor malocclusions?

A

slant
irregular incisors
frown
smile

81
Q

t/f

incisor malocclusions should always be corrected immediately

A

false

drastic changes made quickly to incisors may do more harm than good

consider leaving them alone if the tops and bottoms occlude reasonably well

if you repair them, do it in a step wise fashion so you do not cause a bigger problem

82
Q

how to age a horse based on incisors?

A 
eruption times
changes in shape
changes in occlusal surface
Galvayne's groove
dental star morphology
83
Q

which method of aging with incisors is most accurate?

A

eruption times

84
Q

what is the eruption time for the first permanent incisors (01) ?

A

0-2 weeks

avg 6 days

85
Q

eruption time for 2nd permanent incisor (02) ?

A

4-6 wks

86
Q

eruption time for 3rd permanent incisor (03) ?

A

6-9 mos

87
Q

when does the permanent premolar 2 (06) erupt?

A

0-1 week

88
Q

when does the permanent premolar 3 (07) erupt?

A

2 wks

89
Q

how long after eruption does a tooth become “in wear” ?

A

6 mos after eruption

90
Q

when does incisor 1 (01) erupt?

when is it “in wear” ?

A

erupt 2.5 yr

in wear 3 yr

91
Q

when does incisor 2 (02) erupt?

when is it “in wear”?

A

erupt 3.5 yr

in wear 4 yr

92
Q

when does incisor 3 (03) erupt?

when “In wear” ?

A

erupt: 4.5 yr

in wear: 5 yr

93
Q

when does the canine (04) erupt?

A

4-6 yrs

94
Q

when does PM 1 (05) erupt?

what is the lay term for this tooth?

A

6-18 mos

“wolf tooth” - some FM do not have it - “vestigial canine” - is often removed

95
Q

at what age is a horse considered to have a “full mouth” ?

A

5 yr

96
Q

which tooth has a tendency to become impacted?

A

08

97
Q

at what age does each permanent PM erupt?

A

PM2 (06) = 2.5 yr
PM3 (07) = 3 yr
PM4 (08) = 4 yr

98
Q

at what age does each permanent molar erupt?

A

M1 (09) = 9-12 mos
M2 (10) = 2 yr
M3 (11) = 3.5-4 yrs

99
Q

how does the upper corner incisor change in shape with time?

at what approximate age of the horse do these changes occur?

A

5-9 yrs = tooth wider than tall
9-10 yrs = square tooth
> 10 yrs = tooth taller than wide

100
Q

at what ages does a hook appear on the upper corner incisor?

A

approximately 7 and 11 yrs

101
Q

what is the dental star?

what does it look like in young horses and how does it change with age?

what structure does it turn into on the tooth?

A

2* dentin over the pulp - what used to be the cup

linear shape in young and becomes more oval in shape with age, then more round in shape with age

gradually becomes the mark [around 18 yrs]

102
Q

what is the dental cup?

A

an infolding of enamel called the infundibulum

103
Q

how does the occlusal surface of the incisors change in shape with time/age of the horse?

A

oval => trapezoid => triangular => oval [opposite orientation from original oval]

104
Q

how does the angulation btwn the upper and lower incisors change with age of the horse?

A

angulation increases with age

105
Q

where does Galvayne’s groove appear?

at what age does it appear? how does its appearance change with age?

A

loc on upper corner incisor [103/203] on the lingual surface

begins as a shallow, longitudinal groove that gradually elongates and becomes stained darker with plant material

appears at 10 yrs
half way down tooth at 15 yrs
all the way down the tooth at 20 yrs

106
Q

t/f

canine teeth are the same thing as wolf teeth

A

false

canines are 04
wolf teeth are 05

107
Q

are canine teeth MC in M or FM horses?

A

M

108
Q

at what age do canines erupt?

A

5-6 yrs

109
Q

t/f

canine teeth are commonly removed

why or why not?

A

false

extremely hard to remove - long and hooked roots make them almost impossible to remove

110
Q

what Triniadin number is the wolf tooth typically?

A

05

111
Q

is the wolf tooth MC loc on the maxila or mandible?

A

MC loc on the maxilla

112
Q

t/f

wolf teeth are commonly removed

why or why not?

A

true

b/c they may interfere with the bit when soft tissue gets pushed against the sharp tooth

may indirectly cause aversion to the bit

113
Q

what is a blind wolf tooth?

A

unerupted wolf tooth that can be felt under the surface of the gums

114
Q

how are wolf teeth typically removed?

A

standing procedure

sedate and block and elevate - gently

IP 11 Equine Medicine (10 decks)

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