Exam 1 - Liver Flashcards
what is hepatic insufficiency?
inability of the liver to perform its normal fxns properly
what % of liver affected when clinical signs become apparent?
80%
clinical signs of liver dz?
depression, anorexia, colic. wt loss, hepatic encephalopathy, icterus/jaundice
photosensitization, diarrhea, bleeding, ascites, dependent edema [hypoalbuminemia], tenesmes, pruritis
pathogenesis of photosensitization?
photoactive dermatitis - phylloerythrin in plants are removed by the liver -> w liver dz, it is not removed and exposure to UV light which makes free radical formation
non pigmented skin affected first
one main theory of hepatic encephalopathy?
hyper albuminemia
but there are many causes…
what does elevated GGT indicate?
biliary dz - very liver specific
elevated ALP indicates?
biliary dz - cholestasis and chronic dz
also bone, intestine, kidney, placenta, steroid
what does inc SDH indicate?
very hepatocellular specific
but is hard to measure
what is the significance of elevated AST and LDH?
not muchc - crude indicator
not very liver specific
what is main thing inc bilirubin indicates?
anorexia
acute hepatic dz
conjugated bilirubin indications?
more reliable indicator of liver dz [over 25%]
best liver fxn test?
serum bile acids - highly specific for liver dz
what does liver biopsy provide?
see fibrosis, inflammation, bile duct proliferation
can culture tissue
complications of liver biopsy?
hemorrahge, pneumo thorax, peritonitis (bile leak, colon or abscess puncture), focal sample
etiology of Theiler’s dz?
viral
what viral family is TDAV in?
flaviviridae
what does TDAV cause?
serum associated hepatitis, acute hepatic necrosis, often SPORADIC cases
characteristics of TDAV vaccine?
equine biologic origin - tetanus antitoxin
etiology of equine infectious anemia?
retrovirus
affects mononuclear phagocytes - kupffer’s cells
what occurs in foals wiht EHV-1?
profound hepatic necrosis and 2* bacT septicemia
what does giant cell hepatopathy cause?
aborted midterm fetuses
what family is EVA in?
arterviridae family
what does parasitic hepatitis do to liver?
focal hepatitis, focal or diffuse fibrosis, focal infarcts
common parasite in foals?
parascaris equorum
causes of toxic hepatopathy?
chemicals
drugs
mycotoxins
plant toxins
how does the drug carbon disulphide CCl4 affect liver?
intrinsically hepatotoxic
how does anabolic steroids affect liver?
cholestasis w/o hepatic damage
what do phenothiazines and macrolides Abx do to liver?
cholestatis injury and hepato cellular necrosis
common cause of neurologic problems?
moldy corn - aflatoxin
most common cause of chronic liver failure in certain parts of the US?
pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity
chronic low level exposure
what does pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity do?
pyrroles inhibit cellular replication, megaolcytes form [biopsy to dx], fibrosis occurs, hepatic atrophy
common presentation of hyperlipemia and hepatic lipidosis?
obese animals w recent stress or weight loss
late gestation/early lactation [negative energy balance]
insulin insensivitity
rapid mobilization of adipose stores
dx hyperlipemia/hepatic lipidosis?
serum triglyceride level over 500 mg/dL
Tx of hyperlipemia?
underlying dz tx
improve energy balance
concentrated CHO
dextrose infusion
prognosis guarded
bacT hepatitis - name?
common cause in horses?
Tyzzer’s dz
clostridium piliforme
presentation of bacT hepatitis?
acute necrotizing hepatitis
foal dz - 7-42 days of age
nature of ascending bacterial infection?
primary bacT cholangiohepatitis
secondary cholangiohepatitis
common etiology of ascending bacT infection?
salmonella
e coli
citrobacter
klebsiella
what is cholelithiasis?
bile duct obstruction
dx of cholelithiasis?
u/s - see dilated bile ducts
Tx of cholelithiasis?
long term Abx or Sx
