Exam 1 - Liver

Question 1

what is hepatic insufficiency?

Answer 1

inability of the liver to perform its normal fxns properly

Question 2

what % of liver affected when clinical signs become apparent?

Answer 2

80%

Question 3

clinical signs of liver dz?

Answer 3

depression, anorexia, colic. wt loss, hepatic encephalopathy, icterus/jaundice

photosensitization, diarrhea, bleeding, ascites, dependent edema [hypoalbuminemia], tenesmes, pruritis

Question 4

pathogenesis of photosensitization?

Answer 4

photoactive dermatitis - phylloerythrin in plants are removed by the liver -> w liver dz, it is not removed and exposure to UV light which makes free radical formation

non pigmented skin affected first

Question 5

one main theory of hepatic encephalopathy?

Answer 5

hyper albuminemia

but there are many causes…

Question 6

what does elevated GGT indicate?

Answer 6

biliary dz - very liver specific

Question 7

elevated ALP indicates?

Answer 7

biliary dz - cholestasis and chronic dz

also bone, intestine, kidney, placenta, steroid

Question 8

what does inc SDH indicate?

Answer 8

very hepatocellular specific

but is hard to measure

Question 9

what is the significance of elevated AST and LDH?

Answer 9

not muchc - crude indicator

not very liver specific

Question 10

what is main thing inc bilirubin indicates?

Answer 10

anorexia

acute hepatic dz

Question 11

conjugated bilirubin indications?

Answer 11

more reliable indicator of liver dz [over 25%]

Question 12

best liver fxn test?

Answer 12

serum bile acids - highly specific for liver dz

Question 13

what does liver biopsy provide?

Answer 13

see fibrosis, inflammation, bile duct proliferation

can culture tissue

Question 14

complications of liver biopsy?

Answer 14

hemorrahge, pneumo thorax, peritonitis (bile leak, colon or abscess puncture), focal sample

Question 15

etiology of Theiler’s dz?

Answer 15

viral

Question 16

what viral family is TDAV in?

Answer 16

flaviviridae

Question 17

what does TDAV cause?

Answer 17

serum associated hepatitis, acute hepatic necrosis, often SPORADIC cases

Question 18

characteristics of TDAV vaccine?

Answer 18

equine biologic origin - tetanus antitoxin

Question 19

etiology of equine infectious anemia?

Answer 19

retrovirus

affects mononuclear phagocytes - kupffer’s cells

Question 20

what occurs in foals wiht EHV-1?

Answer 20

profound hepatic necrosis and 2* bacT septicemia

Question 21

what does giant cell hepatopathy cause?

Answer 21

aborted midterm fetuses

Question 22

what family is EVA in?

Answer 22

arterviridae family

Question 23

what does parasitic hepatitis do to liver?

Answer 23

focal hepatitis, focal or diffuse fibrosis, focal infarcts

Question 24

common parasite in foals?

Answer 24

parascaris equorum

Question 25

causes of toxic hepatopathy?

Answer 25

chemicals
drugs
mycotoxins
plant toxins

Question 26

how does the drug carbon disulphide CCl4 affect liver?

Answer 26

intrinsically hepatotoxic

Question 27

how does anabolic steroids affect liver?

Answer 27

cholestasis w/o hepatic damage

Question 28

what do phenothiazines and macrolides Abx do to liver?

Answer 28

cholestatis injury and hepato cellular necrosis

Question 29

common cause of neurologic problems?

Answer 29

moldy corn - aflatoxin

Question 30

most common cause of chronic liver failure in certain parts of the US?

Answer 30

pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity

chronic low level exposure

Question 31

what does pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity do?

Answer 31

pyrroles inhibit cellular replication, megaolcytes form [biopsy to dx], fibrosis occurs, hepatic atrophy

Question 32

common presentation of hyperlipemia and hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 32

obese animals w recent stress or weight loss

late gestation/early lactation [negative energy balance]
insulin insensivitity

rapid mobilization of adipose stores

Question 33

dx hyperlipemia/hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 33

serum triglyceride level over 500 mg/dL

Question 34

Tx of hyperlipemia?

Answer 34

underlying dz tx

improve energy balance
concentrated CHO
dextrose infusion

prognosis guarded

Question 35

bacT hepatitis - name?

common cause in horses?

Answer 35

Tyzzer’s dz

clostridium piliforme

Question 36

presentation of bacT hepatitis?

Answer 36

acute necrotizing hepatitis

foal dz - 7-42 days of age

Question 37

nature of ascending bacterial infection?

Answer 37

primary bacT cholangiohepatitis

secondary cholangiohepatitis

Question 38

common etiology of ascending bacT infection?

Answer 38

salmonella
e coli
citrobacter
klebsiella

Question 39

what is cholelithiasis?

Answer 39

bile duct obstruction

Question 40

dx of cholelithiasis?

Answer 40

u/s - see dilated bile ducts

Question 41

Tx of cholelithiasis?

Answer 41

long term Abx or Sx