Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BOD I > Exam 3 - D.O.G > Flashcards

Exam 3 - D.O.G Flashcards

1
Q

steps of carcinogenesis

A

initiation
promotion
progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

initiation
nature of change to cells?
cellular phenotype?
reversible or irreversible?

A

DNA mutation, nonlethal
no permanent morphologic change
irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

promotion
nature of change to cells?
cellular phenotype?
reversible or irreversible?

A

clonal expansion of initiated cells, epigenetic changes (altered gene expression w/o altered DNA) - NO DNA mutation
morphological change
reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

progression
nature of change to cells?
cellular phenotype?
reversible or irreversible?

A

DNA mutations, successful subclones, heterogenous population
morphological change - malignant phenotype
irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

proto-oncogene defintion
examples

A

normal genes promoting growth & differentiation

growth factors, growth factor receptors/transmembrane proteins, signal transducing proteins, nuclear regulatory proteins, cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

oncogene definition and action

example

A

mutated proto-oncogenes resulting in proliferation of cancer cells

  1. defective proteins all on/all off
  2. overproduction of normal proteins by gene amplification (increased gene copy number)
  3. overproduction of normal proteins by abnormal gene activity (abnormal regulation)
  4. defective proteins by abnormally combined genes (chromosomal translocation)

BCR-ABL –> production of abnormal tyrosine kinase –> proliferation, survival of myeloid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tumor suppressor genes
examples

A

negative feedback on growth, slow down proliferation
1. retinoblastoma gene
2. p53 gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Retinoblastoma (pRB)

A

tumor suppressor gene
DNA binding protein
control of cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

p53

A

tumor suppressor gene
DNA proofreading - delay for repair
Apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

BRCA1

A

tumor suppressor gene
repairs ds break in DNA
breast, ovary cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does retinoblastoma gene mutations support the “2 hit” hypothesis of carcinogenesis

A

usually recessive alleles - thus must lose both for loss of control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

characteristics of neoplastic cells
immortal or mortal
______ of anchorage dependence
_______ cell-cell adhesion
______ of contact inhibition
________ IC communication
________ motility
_______ requirement for growth factors
_____ or ______ cell surface antigens
_______ karyotype

A

immortal
loss of anchorage dependence
decrease cell-cell adhesion
loss of contact inhibition
altered IC communication
increased motility
decreased requirement for growth factors
altered or new cell surface antigens
abnormal karyotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

properties cancer cells must acquire to metastasize

A
  1. invade extracellular matrix
  2. penetrate vascular basement membrane/endothelium
  3. move into blood/lymphatics
  4. embolize/adhere at new site
  5. penetrate vascular wall
  6. grow at new site w/ blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

routes of metastasis

A

direct location invasion
blood vascular system (e..g embolism)
lymphatics
implantation (w/in body cavity)
transplantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

metastasis typically has a ______ distribution but this pattern may also be due to ________ transformation

A

multifocal

multicentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

example of transplantation metastasis

A

canine transmissible venereal tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

general mechanisms of clonal selection of tumor cells

A

selection for phenotypically superior tumor invasion, metastasis, evasion of immune response
benign, poor growth, non-viable, malignant, anaplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tumor latency

A

-time between initiation and appearance of a clinically recognizable condition/lesion
-cancer dz of old age = latent for 30-45 years
-clinical detection needs certain # tumor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

steps in tumor angiogenesis

A

avascular tumor (relies on diffusion)
vascular tumor (more than diffusion)
angiogenesis - growth of new vessels from pre-existing ones, essential for metastasis
1. activation
2. formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

examples of direct chemical carcinogens

A

do not require metabolism
- alkylating agents

21
Q

example of indirect chemical carcinogens

A

metabolites are carcinogenic; the majority of carcinogens
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- aromatic amines/Azo dyes
- aflatoxins
- nitrosamines
- metals

22
Q

what determines species predilection and organ specificity

A

P450

23
Q

role of hormones in cancer
common organs?
example

A

act as a promotor - drives cell proliferation = accumulation of random genetic errors
- endometrium, ovary, prostate, testis, thyroid

prolactin increases mammary gland proliferation = human breast cancer

24
Q

what tumors can be found in turkeys or rainbow trout in response to aflatoxins

A

hepatocellular carcinoma
aflatoxins target liver

25
Q

UV radiation. pyrimidine cross-linked formation in DNA, skin cancers are responsible for what types of tumors and in what species

A

squamous cell carcinomas in white cats, hereford cattle, beagles
hemangiomas & hemangiosarcomas in short/light fur dogs

26
Q

metallic orthopedic prosthesis or hardware could be responsible for what types of tumors in dogs

A

sarcomas

27
Q

Give examples of 2 cancers associated with inflammation in veterinary species.

A
  1. vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats
  2. trauma-associated ocular sarcomas in cats
28
Q

Helicobacter pylori
species affected
tumor type

A

gastric carcinomas in rodents, ferrets, cheetahs, humans
gastric lymphoma in humans

29
Q

Spirocerca lupi
species affected
tumor type

A

esophageal fibrosarcomas in dogs

30
Q

Papilloma virus
species affected
tumor type

A

benign epithelial papillomas in many species
squamous carcinomas in humans, rabbits, cats, dogs

31
Q

shope papillomavirus or cottontail rabbit papillomavirus produces ______ in rabbits

A

cutaneous papillomas (warts), some progress to invasive carcinoma

32
Q

what is the cause of equine sarcoids

A

bovine papillomavirus - 1

33
Q

Herpes virus
species affected
tumor type

A

lymphoma in monkeys
marek’s disease (lymphosarcoma) in fowl
lucke’s renal carcinoma in frgs
burkitt’s lymphoma or nasopharyngeal carcinoma in humans

34
Q

POX viruses
species affected
tumor type

A

fibromas & myxomas in squirrels

35
Q

retroviruses (feline sarcoma virus and enzootic bovine leukosis)
species affected
tumor type

A

sarcomas in cats
lymphoma in cattle

36
Q

direct effects of tumors

A

SHOPLI
space occupying, pressure atrophy, occlusion of passages, local tissue destruction, interference with vital function, and hemorrhage

37
Q

indirect/paraneoplastic effects of tumors

A

infection, hormonal, cachexia, metabolic disturbances, hematopoietic (hypercoaguability, anemia), neuropathy

38
Q

Cachexia mechanism

A

indirect
multiple tumor types - non-specific

39
Q

nodular dermatofibrosis

A

indirect
secondary to renal carcinoma

40
Q

hypertrophic osteopathy

A

indirect
secondary to thoracic masses

41
Q

anemia

A

indirect
erythrophagocytosis or bone marrow depletion

42
Q

eosinophilia

A

indirect
mast cell tumor

43
Q

lymphocytic leukemia

A

indirect
anemia, hypercoaguability, immunosuppression

44
Q

stomach ulcers, vomiting, melena

A

canine mast cell tumor

45
Q

multiple myeloma

A

bony lysis, recruitment of osteoclasts

46
Q

hypercalcemia

A

indirect
parathyroid tumor, lymphoma, anal sac gland adenocarcinoma, apocrine gland carcinoma

47
Q

hyperadrenocorticism

A

immunosuppression, hypercoaguability, dermatopathy, adrenocortical adenoma

48
Q

hyperinsulinemia

A

islet tumor - insulinoma

49
Q

ferret alopecia, weakness, erythroid aplasia, vulvar swelling, prostatic squamous metaplasia

A

adrenocortical adenoma (adrenal tumor) and insulinoma

BOD I (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions