Exam #3: Communicable Diseases Flashcards
Illnesses that are easily passed from one person to another
Communicable diseases
Key to control of communicable diseases is understanding:
- The infectious agent
- Who is at risk
- Mode of transmission
- Prevention
- Treatment
Usually occurs in the summer in rural and suburban areas of the northeast, mid-Atlantic, and north central states, particularly Wisconsin and Minnesota. Tick-borne. Vectorborne disease
Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease Three Stages:
Stage 1: Characterized by erythema chronicum migrans, a distinctive skin lesion. –may be accompanied or preceded by fever, fatigue, malaise, headache, muscle pains, and a stiff neck, tender/enlarged lymph nodes, and migratory joint pain. Most patients respond well to treatment with oral tetracycline or penicillin.
Stage 2: may include additional skin lesions, headache, neuro, and cardiac abnormalities
Stage 3: Consist of recurrent attacks of arthritis and arthralgia, especially in the knees, which may begin months to years after the initial lesion.
Prevention of Lyme Disease:
Wearing protective clothing when doing outside work and conducting a systematic assessment for ticks before going inside.
One that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
Emerging Diseases
What are the newly emerging diseases?
- Covid-19
- SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
- MERS
other: Monkeypox
What is diarrheal disease?
Rotavirus accounts for 40% of all infant diarrhea; 500,000 child deaths under age of 5 years old. Vaccine introduced in 2006; resulted in a big decline in hospitalization and deaths of young infants
What is diarrheal disease caused by?
Bacteria
Virus
Protozoa
What is the mode of transmission for diarrheal disease?
Waterborne (for example, cholera)
Foodborne/person to person (for example, E. Coli)
What are the risks for STDs?
Younger than 25 years
Member of a minority group
Residing in an urban setting
Being impoverished
Using Crack Cocaine
What are the common STDs?
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia
Hep. B
Genital Herpes
HPV
Bacterium: Infects mucous membranes of the GU tract, rectum, and pharynx. PID is a common complication in women. Highest incidence in US African Americans, persons in the south and women 15-24 years of age. Number of antibiotic resistant cases rising.
Gonorrhea
What is the transmission for gonorrhea?
Genital- genital contact, oral- genital contact, and anal-genital contact
Complicated and Uncomplicated Gonorrhea
Uncomplicated refers to limited cervical or urethral infections.
Complicated includes salpingitis, epididymitis, systemic gonococcal infection/meningitis.
Teponemal spiochetes: infect moist mucous/cutaneous membranes. Highest rates: men having sexual contact with men, number of infected women has increased recently. Clinical signs: -primary: open sore or ulcer (chancre) -secondary: late or tertiary: ulcerative gumma. Direct contact: sexual contact or mother-to-fetus blood transfusion (early stage donor)
Syphilis
Transmitted transplacentally and if untreated can cause premature still birth, blindness, deafness, facial abnormalities, crippling, or death.
Congenital Syphilis
Bacterium infects GU tract and rectum of adults. causes are conjunctivitis and pneumonia in neonates. Most common reportable infectious disease. If left untreated can cause PID. Most people who have this don’t know they have this disease since there are no symptoms. Test is not often done if pts are treated for their symptoms. Sexually active females 25 years old and younger need testing each year.
Chlamydia
Transmission of chlamydia:
Mucous membrane contact with mucopurulent discharge from infected site
Genital warts-mouth, genitals, anus. FDA licensed vaccines: bivalent and quadrivalent. More than 40 types. Most people who become infected do not know.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Transmission for HPV:
Direct contact with HPV associated warts
HPV complications:
Link to cervical, vaginal, and oropharyngeal cancers
Bacterial STDs
Usually treatable with antibiotics, however antibiotic resistant stains of gonorrhea are emerging gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia.
Viral STDs
Cannot be cured
4 H’s:
HIV
HPV
Herpes
Hepatitis
TB testing
Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
-Previously, PPD test
-Used for inital screening
-Followed by chest x-ray for person with positive skin reaction and pulmonary symptoms
-Prompt treatment with multiple antimicrobial drugs
-Treatment failure may be due to lack of client adhereance, which can result in drug resistance
-Read reaction 48-72 hrs after injection
-Measure only induration
-Record reaction in mm
Management of TB in Vulnerable Populations
identify and treat all people with TB
Identify contact to people with infectious TB, evaluate and offer therapy
Test high risk groups for LTBI; offer therapy as appropriate
Latent TB
TST positive
Negative chest radiograph
No symptoms or physical findings
Active Pulmonary TB
TST usually positive
Chest radiograph may be abnormal
Symptoms may include one or more of the following: fever, cough, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, hemoptysis, decreased appetite-Respiratory specimens may be smear or culture positive
Sexually transmitted infection. can go 15 years after exposure before developing AIDS. 20% are unaware they are infected. 25-44 years old of african/hispanic descent are most prevalent. numbers on the rise in older adults.
HIV/AIDS
What is the Healthy People 2030 goals for HIV/AIDS?
-Reduce the number of people who become infected with HIV
-Increase access to care and improve health outcomes for people living with HIV
-Reduce HIV-related health disparities
Stages of HIV:
- Primary infection (within about 1 month of contracting virus)
- Incubation period/ clinical latency (when body shows no symptoms)-Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has increased survival time
- Symptomatic disease (AIDS)-CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than 200/ml with documented HIV infection-AIDS-related opportunistic infections
Fecal-oral route-Sources: water, food, feces, or sexual contact-Found worldwide
Vaccine since 1995; makes HAV completely preventable
Hep. A
Spread through blood & body fluids
Remains alive outside body for at least 1 week
Vaccine available
Hep B
High risk groups for Hep B
Users of injection drugs; persons with STDs or multiple sex partners; immigrants/refugees who came from areas with a high rate of HBV; health care workers; clients on hemodialysis; inmates of long-term correctional institutions.
Most common chronic bloodborne infection
Blood or body fluids of an infected person enter an uninfected person
Chronic liver disease from HCV:
-12th leading cause of death in adults in U.S
-Most common reason for liver transplant
Hep C
High risk groups for Hep C
-Health care workers & emergency personnel who are accidentally exposed
-Infants who are born to infected mothers
-Injection drug users
-Those born between 1945 & 1965
Carried by mosquitoes. Common in Memphis. Health department will spray in zip codes where West Nile is detected.
-Vectorborne disease
West Nile Virus
Reduce risk for west nile virus:
-insect repellent & protective clothing
-no meds to treat or vaccines to prevent
-most people have no symptoms; less than 1% develop neuro illness
-This strain produces a powerful toxin & can cause severe illness.
-Infection causes bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and infrequently fever.
-Foodborne illness caused by bacteria found in raw or undercooked ground beef.
E. Coli.
-caused by the ingestion of food containing live bacteria which grow and establish themselves in the human intestinal tract.
-associated with incubation periods of 12 hours to several days after ingestion of the infected food
1. FoodNet
2. Role of safe food preparation
3. Salmonellosis
4. E. coli
In the US, yearly, foodborne illness accounts for an estimated
-76 million illnesses
-325,000 hospitalizations
-5000 deaths
Foodborne illnesses
-Resists disease without antibodies
-Inherited or acquired
resistance
the passing of the infection from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth.
Vertical Transmission
the person-to-person spread of infection through one or more of the following four routes: direct/indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, or vectorborne
Horizontal Transmission
transportation of the infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host via food, water, milk, blood, serum, saliva or plasma.
Common Vehicle
particles transmitted by air to susceptible host via droplets or particles.
-Measles
-Chickenpox
-TB
-Pertussis
-Influenza
-Sars
Airborne Transmission
Transmission of infectious agent from infected host to susceptible host via direct contact
-Sexually transmitted infections: HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, human papilloma virus (HPV), genital herpes, hepatitis B, C, D
-Infectious mononucleosis
-Enterobiasis (pinworms)
-Impetigo
-Lice, scabies
Direct Transmission
are arthropods, such as ticks and mosquitoes, or other invertebrates, such as snails, that transmit the infectious agent by biting or depositing the infective material near the host.
Vectors
Airborne isolation precautions
Airborne isolation precautions
-Measles
-Chickenpox
-TB
Droplet isolation precautions
Droplet isolation precautions
-Pertussis
-Influenza
-SARS
How do you protect from foodborne illness?
-Keep clean
-Separate raw food
-Cook thoroughly
-Keep food at safe temperatures
-Use safe water and raw materials
Primary prevention for infectious diseases
To prevent the occurrence of disease:
-Responsible sexual behavior
-Malaria chemoprophylaxis
-Tetanus boosters, flu shots
-Rabies preexposure immunization
-Safe food-handling practices in the home
-Repellants for preventing vector-borne disease
-Following childhood immunizations recommendations, and “no shots, no school” laws
-Regulated and inspected municipal water supplies
-Bloodborne pathogen regulations
-Restaurant inspections
-Federal regulations protecting American cattle from exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
Secondary prevention for infectious diseases
To prevent the spread of disease:
-Immunoglobulin after hepatitis A exposure
-Immunization & chemoprophylaxis as appropriate in meningococcal outbreak
-Rabies postexposure immunization
-Tuberculosis screening for health care workers
-STD partner notification
-HIV testing and treatment
-Quarantine
Tertiary prevention for infectious diseases
To reduce complications & disabilities through treatment & rehabilitation:
-Pneumocystis jiroveci (previously known as Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia (PCP) chemoprophylaxis for people with AIDS
-Regular inspection of hands & feet as well as protective footwear & gloves to avoid trauma & infection for leprosy clients who have lost sensation in those areas
WHO ten golden rules for safe food preparation:
- Choose foods processed for safety
- Cook food thoroughly
- Eat Cooked foods immediately
- Store cooked foods carefully
- Reheat cooked foods thoroughly
- Avoid contact between raw foods and cooked foods
- Wash hands repeatedly
- Keep all kitchen surfaces meticulously clean
- Protect foods from insects, rodents, and other animals
- Use safe water
