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Community Health > Exam #3: Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Exam #3: Communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Illnesses that are easily passed from one person to another

A

Communicable diseases

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2
Q

Key to control of communicable diseases is understanding:

A
  1. The infectious agent
  2. Who is at risk
  3. Mode of transmission
  4. Prevention
  5. Treatment
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3
Q

Usually occurs in the summer in rural and suburban areas of the northeast, mid-Atlantic, and north central states, particularly Wisconsin and Minnesota. Tick-borne. Vectorborne disease

A

Lyme Disease

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4
Q

Lyme Disease Three Stages:

A

Stage 1: Characterized by erythema chronicum migrans, a distinctive skin lesion. –may be accompanied or preceded by fever, fatigue, malaise, headache, muscle pains, and a stiff neck, tender/enlarged lymph nodes, and migratory joint pain. Most patients respond well to treatment with oral tetracycline or penicillin.

Stage 2: may include additional skin lesions, headache, neuro, and cardiac abnormalities

Stage 3: Consist of recurrent attacks of arthritis and arthralgia, especially in the knees, which may begin months to years after the initial lesion.

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5
Q

Prevention of Lyme Disease:

A

Wearing protective clothing when doing outside work and conducting a systematic assessment for ticks before going inside.

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6
Q

One that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range

A

Emerging Diseases

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7
Q

What are the newly emerging diseases?

A
  1. Covid-19
  2. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
  3. MERS

other: Monkeypox

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8
Q

What is diarrheal disease?

A

Rotavirus accounts for 40% of all infant diarrhea; 500,000 child deaths under age of 5 years old. Vaccine introduced in 2006; resulted in a big decline in hospitalization and deaths of young infants

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9
Q

What is diarrheal disease caused by?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Protozoa

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10
Q

What is the mode of transmission for diarrheal disease?

A

Waterborne (for example, cholera)
Foodborne/person to person (for example, E. Coli)

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11
Q

What are the risks for STDs?

A

Younger than 25 years
Member of a minority group
Residing in an urban setting
Being impoverished
Using Crack Cocaine

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12
Q

What are the common STDs?

A

Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia
Hep. B
Genital Herpes
HPV

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13
Q

Bacterium: Infects mucous membranes of the GU tract, rectum, and pharynx. PID is a common complication in women. Highest incidence in US African Americans, persons in the south and women 15-24 years of age. Number of antibiotic resistant cases rising.

A

Gonorrhea

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14
Q

What is the transmission for gonorrhea?

A

Genital- genital contact, oral- genital contact, and anal-genital contact

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15
Q

Complicated and Uncomplicated Gonorrhea

A

Uncomplicated refers to limited cervical or urethral infections.
Complicated includes salpingitis, epididymitis, systemic gonococcal infection/meningitis.

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16
Q

Teponemal spiochetes: infect moist mucous/cutaneous membranes. Highest rates: men having sexual contact with men, number of infected women has increased recently. Clinical signs: -primary: open sore or ulcer (chancre) -secondary: late or tertiary: ulcerative gumma. Direct contact: sexual contact or mother-to-fetus blood transfusion (early stage donor)

A

Syphilis

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17
Q

Transmitted transplacentally and if untreated can cause premature still birth, blindness, deafness, facial abnormalities, crippling, or death.

A

Congenital Syphilis

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18
Q

Bacterium infects GU tract and rectum of adults. causes are conjunctivitis and pneumonia in neonates. Most common reportable infectious disease. If left untreated can cause PID. Most people who have this don’t know they have this disease since there are no symptoms. Test is not often done if pts are treated for their symptoms. Sexually active females 25 years old and younger need testing each year.

A

Chlamydia

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19
Q

Transmission of chlamydia:

A

Mucous membrane contact with mucopurulent discharge from infected site

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20
Q

Genital warts-mouth, genitals, anus. FDA licensed vaccines: bivalent and quadrivalent. More than 40 types. Most people who become infected do not know.

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

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21
Q

Transmission for HPV:

A

Direct contact with HPV associated warts

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22
Q

HPV complications:

A

Link to cervical, vaginal, and oropharyngeal cancers

23
Q

Bacterial STDs

A

Usually treatable with antibiotics, however antibiotic resistant stains of gonorrhea are emerging gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia.

24
Q

Viral STDs

A

Cannot be cured

4 H’s:
HIV
HPV
Herpes
Hepatitis

25
Q

TB testing

A

Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
-Previously, PPD test
-Used for inital screening
-Followed by chest x-ray for person with positive skin reaction and pulmonary symptoms
-Prompt treatment with multiple antimicrobial drugs
-Treatment failure may be due to lack of client adhereance, which can result in drug resistance
-Read reaction 48-72 hrs after injection
-Measure only induration
-Record reaction in mm

26
Q

Management of TB in Vulnerable Populations

A

identify and treat all people with TB
Identify contact to people with infectious TB, evaluate and offer therapy
Test high risk groups for LTBI; offer therapy as appropriate

27
Q

Latent TB

A

TST positive
Negative chest radiograph
No symptoms or physical findings

28
Q

Active Pulmonary TB

A

TST usually positive
Chest radiograph may be abnormal
Symptoms may include one or more of the following: fever, cough, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, hemoptysis, decreased appetite-Respiratory specimens may be smear or culture positive

29
Q

Sexually transmitted infection. can go 15 years after exposure before developing AIDS. 20% are unaware they are infected. 25-44 years old of african/hispanic descent are most prevalent. numbers on the rise in older adults.

A

HIV/AIDS

30
Q

What is the Healthy People 2030 goals for HIV/AIDS?

A

-Reduce the number of people who become infected with HIV
-Increase access to care and improve health outcomes for people living with HIV
-Reduce HIV-related health disparities

31
Q

Stages of HIV:

A
  1. Primary infection (within about 1 month of contracting virus)
  2. Incubation period/ clinical latency (when body shows no symptoms)-Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has increased survival time
  3. Symptomatic disease (AIDS)-CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than 200/ml with documented HIV infection-AIDS-related opportunistic infections
32
Q

Fecal-oral route-Sources: water, food, feces, or sexual contact-Found worldwide
Vaccine since 1995; makes HAV completely preventable

A

Hep. A

33
Q

Spread through blood & body fluids
Remains alive outside body for at least 1 week
Vaccine available

A

Hep B

34
Q

High risk groups for Hep B

A

Users of injection drugs; persons with STDs or multiple sex partners; immigrants/refugees who came from areas with a high rate of HBV; health care workers; clients on hemodialysis; inmates of long-term correctional institutions.

35
Q

Most common chronic bloodborne infection
Blood or body fluids of an infected person enter an uninfected person
Chronic liver disease from HCV:
-12th leading cause of death in adults in U.S
-Most common reason for liver transplant

A

Hep C

36
Q

High risk groups for Hep C

A

-Health care workers & emergency personnel who are accidentally exposed
-Infants who are born to infected mothers
-Injection drug users
-Those born between 1945 & 1965

37
Q

Carried by mosquitoes. Common in Memphis. Health department will spray in zip codes where West Nile is detected.
-Vectorborne disease

A

West Nile Virus

38
Q

Reduce risk for west nile virus:

A

-insect repellent & protective clothing
-no meds to treat or vaccines to prevent
-most people have no symptoms; less than 1% develop neuro illness

39
Q

-This strain produces a powerful toxin & can cause severe illness.
-Infection causes bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and infrequently fever.
-Foodborne illness caused by bacteria found in raw or undercooked ground beef.

A

E. Coli.

40
Q

-caused by the ingestion of food containing live bacteria which grow and establish themselves in the human intestinal tract.
-associated with incubation periods of 12 hours to several days after ingestion of the infected food
1. FoodNet
2. Role of safe food preparation
3. Salmonellosis
4. E. coli
In the US, yearly, foodborne illness accounts for an estimated
-76 million illnesses
-325,000 hospitalizations
-5000 deaths

A

Foodborne illnesses

41
Q

-Resists disease without antibodies
-Inherited or acquired

A

resistance

42
Q

the passing of the infection from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk, or contact in the vaginal canal at birth.

A

Vertical Transmission

43
Q

the person-to-person spread of infection through one or more of the following four routes: direct/indirect contact, common vehicle, airborne, or vectorborne

A

Horizontal Transmission

44
Q

transportation of the infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible host via food, water, milk, blood, serum, saliva or plasma.

A

Common Vehicle

45
Q

particles transmitted by air to susceptible host via droplets or particles.
-Measles
-Chickenpox
-TB
-Pertussis
-Influenza
-Sars

A

Airborne Transmission

46
Q

Transmission of infectious agent from infected host to susceptible host via direct contact
-Sexually transmitted infections: HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, human papilloma virus (HPV), genital herpes, hepatitis B, C, D
-Infectious mononucleosis
-Enterobiasis (pinworms)
-Impetigo
-Lice, scabies

A

Direct Transmission

47
Q

are arthropods, such as ticks and mosquitoes, or other invertebrates, such as snails, that transmit the infectious agent by biting or depositing the infective material near the host.

A

Vectors

48
Q

Airborne isolation precautions

A

Airborne isolation precautions
-Measles
-Chickenpox
-TB

49
Q

Droplet isolation precautions

A

Droplet isolation precautions
-Pertussis
-Influenza
-SARS

50
Q

How do you protect from foodborne illness?

A

-Keep clean
-Separate raw food
-Cook thoroughly
-Keep food at safe temperatures
-Use safe water and raw materials

51
Q

Primary prevention for infectious diseases

A

To prevent the occurrence of disease:
-Responsible sexual behavior
-Malaria chemoprophylaxis
-Tetanus boosters, flu shots
-Rabies preexposure immunization
-Safe food-handling practices in the home
-Repellants for preventing vector-borne disease
-Following childhood immunizations recommendations, and “no shots, no school” laws
-Regulated and inspected municipal water supplies
-Bloodborne pathogen regulations
-Restaurant inspections
-Federal regulations protecting American cattle from exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

52
Q

Secondary prevention for infectious diseases

A

To prevent the spread of disease:
-Immunoglobulin after hepatitis A exposure
-Immunization & chemoprophylaxis as appropriate in meningococcal outbreak
-Rabies postexposure immunization
-Tuberculosis screening for health care workers
-STD partner notification
-HIV testing and treatment
-Quarantine

53
Q

Tertiary prevention for infectious diseases

A

To reduce complications & disabilities through treatment & rehabilitation:
-Pneumocystis jiroveci (previously known as Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia (PCP) chemoprophylaxis for people with AIDS
-Regular inspection of hands & feet as well as protective footwear & gloves to avoid trauma & infection for leprosy clients who have lost sensation in those areas

54
Q

WHO ten golden rules for safe food preparation:

A
  1. Choose foods processed for safety
  2. Cook food thoroughly
  3. Eat Cooked foods immediately
  4. Store cooked foods carefully
  5. Reheat cooked foods thoroughly
  6. Avoid contact between raw foods and cooked foods
  7. Wash hands repeatedly
  8. Keep all kitchen surfaces meticulously clean
  9. Protect foods from insects, rodents, and other animals
  10. Use safe water

Community Health (12 decks)

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