Exam 3 (Chapters 4-7) Flashcards
What are the 4 types of observational methods?
Naturalistic, systematic, case studies, and archival research.
What are the two issues of naturalistic observations?
Concealing your presence; participant/non-participant.
What is reactivity?
The possibility that the presence of the observer influences the behavior.
What are the four questions not to ask when taking a survey?
Loaded questions, double-barreled questions, negatively-worded questions, jargon questions.
What are the benefits of questionnares?
Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.
What are the three probability sampling techniques?
Simple random, stratified random, and cluster sampling.
What is simple random sampling technique?
Every member of the population has an EQUAL chance of being chosen.
What is a stratified random technique?
Population is divided into subgroups, then random samples are taken from each subgroup.
What is clustered sampling technique?
Researcher identifies clusters of samples then performs random assignment on a group basis.
What are the three non-probability sampling techniques?
Convenience, purposive, quota.
What is convenience sampling?
Based on availability with no regard for representation.
What is purposive sampling?
Sampling people who meet certain pre-determined criteria.
What is quota sampling?
Uses convenience to obtain a numerical composition of various subgroups of the population.
What are the three limitations of correctional methods?
Directionality problem, third variable, correlation =/= causation.
What is meta analysis?
Procedure in which previous research findings on a topic are analyzed and summarized.
What are the three issues with meta analysis?
Must identify all relevant variables, often only significant results are published, different studies use different methodologies and provide different data.
What is quasi-experimental research?
Research similar to experimental, but it lacks control groups and/or random assignment.
What are the five types of quasi-experimental designs?
- One Group Posttest
- One Group Pretest-Posttest
- Nonequivalent Control Group
- Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design
- Proposing Score Matching (PSM) of Nonequivalent Treatment and Control Groups.
What is testing effect?
Any change due to taking a pretest.
What are the alternative explanations when using a pretest-posttest design?
History, instrument decay, maturation, regression to the mean.
How is quasi-experimental research different from a true experiment?
It lacks control group and/or random assignment.
What is a between-subjects design?
Each participant receives only ONE level of the independent variable/one group/one condition.
What are the advantages of between-subject designs?
Easier to understand/conduct, no problems with carryover effects.
What are the disadvantages of between-subject designs?
Needs a separate control group, requires a large # of participants, individual differences can have a huge impact.
What factors lead to unequal groups?
Assignment bias, differential attrition, diffusion of treatment, compensatory equalization.
What is assignment bias?
Any bias in the way participants are assigned to groups.
What is diffusion of attrition?
Participant dropout.
What is diffusion of treatment?
Participants discuss the study w/ each other.
What is compensatory equalization?
Untreated group learns about the treatment the experimental group is receiving and demands equal treatment.
What is within-subject design?
Participants receive ALL levels of the independent variable.
What is the most common within-subject design?
Single-group pretest-posttest.
What are the advantages of within-subject design?
- Each subject serves as their own control.
- Minimizes differences between conditions.
- Fewer subjects are needed.
- Has greater statistical power.
What are the disadvantages of within-subject design?
- Not always a possible research design.
- Requires more time from each participant.
- Subject attrition.
- History effect.
- Instrumentation.
- Regression towards the mean.
- Carryover effects.
What are the benefits of interviews?
Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.
What is a response set?
Tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective.
What are the three types of response set?
Yay-saying, nay-saying, social desirability.
What is the yay-saying response set?
Tendency to agree.
What is the nay-saying response set?
Tendency to disagree.
What is the social desirability response set?
Tendency to reply in a socially desirable way.
What is counterbalancing?
Altering the order of the treatments.
What are the two types of counterbalancing?
Subject-by-subject, across-subject.
What is subject-by-subject counterbalancing?
Counterbalancing w/ treatment orders.
What is across-subject counterbalancing?
Counterbalancing w/ one treatment order.
What are the two types of subject-by-subject counterbalancing?
Reverse counterbalancing, block randomization.
What are the two types of across-subject counterbalancing?
Latin square counterbalancing, balanced Latin square counterbalancing.
What happens in reverse counterbalancing?
Participants receive different treatment in one order, then again backwards.
Ex: AB/BA; ABC/CBA
What happens in block randomization?
Each subject is given blocks of trials w/ several orders.
Ex: ABC; ACB; BAC; CAB; BCA
What is the most common form of counterbalancing?
Latin-square.
What happens in balanced latin-square counterbalancing?
Each treatment occurs equally in treatment positions and each treatment precedes and follows every other treatment an equal # of times.
What happens in latin-square counterbalancing?
Researchers ensure that each treatment occurs equally.
(Shift/sudoku technique)
