Exam 1 (Chapters 1-2)

Question 1

What are the goals of behavioral science?

Answer 1

To describe/explain/predict behavior.

Question 2

What is the difference between Rational Approach and Empirical Approach?

Answer 2

Rational: Relies on reason & intuition.
Empirical: Relies on experience & studies.

Question 3

What are the four ways of “knowing?”

Answer 3

Intuition & anecdote, authority, empiricism, scientific approach.

Question 4

What is the difference between Basic Approach and Applied Research?

Answer 4

Basic Approach: gains a better understanding of behavior.
Applied Research: conducted to determine solutions to problems.

Question 5

What is the “intuition & anecdote” way of thinking?

Answer 5

Accepting your own judgment.

Question 6

What is the “authority” way of thinking?

Answer 6

Believing those in authority.

Question 7

What is the “empiricism” way of thinking?

Answer 7

Relying on scientific observations.

Question 8

What is the “scientific approach” way of thinking?

Answer 8

Relying on MULTIPLE scientific studies.

Question 9

What are the two types of participant samples?

Answer 9

Representative and convenient.

Question 10

What is the purpose of the representative participant sample?

Answer 10

To ensure the representation of the population.

Question 11

What is a convenient participant sample?

Answer 11

A participant sample with little regard for the representation of population.

Question 12

What are the five types of non-experimental methods?

Answer 12

Case study, observation, survey research, correlational research, quasi-experimental.

Question 13

What is the most commonly used non-experimental method?

Answer 13

Survey research.

Question 14

What is a case study?

Answer 14

A study that focuses on a single/few individuals.

Question 15

What is observational study?

Answer 15

A study where researchers observe/record the behavior systematically.

Question 16

What is correlational research?

Answer 16

Research that measures the relationship between variables.

Question 17

What is quasi-experimental research?

Answer 17

Studies that are similar to true experimental studies, but lack random assignment and control features.

Question 18

What is naturalistic observation?

Answer 18

Observations that take place in natural environments.

Question 18

What is laboratory observation?

Answer 18

Observations that take place in a controlled setting.

Question 19

What are the three limitations of the correlation method?

Answer 19

1. Directionality problems
2. Third Variable Problem
3. Correlation is not causation

Question 19

What is the experimental method?

Answer 19

The study of the relationship between two variables by the manipulation of one.

Question 20

What is the Independent Variable?

Answer 20

The manipulated variable/the “cause.”

Question 21

What is the Dependent Variable?

Answer 21

The measured variable/the “effect.”

Question 21

What are the three experimental design types?

Answer 21

Between-subjects, within-subjects, mixed-factor.

Question 22

What is the between-subjects experimental design type?

Answer 22

A study where different participants are in different conditions.

Question 23

What is the within-subjects experimental design type?

Answer 23

A study where the same participants are asked to test ALL conditions.

Question 24

What are the four types of replications?

Answer 24

Exact, conceptual, constructive, and participant.

Question 25

What is an “exact” replication?

Answer 25

A replication using the same sample and methodology.

Question 26

What is a “conceptual” replication?

Answer 26

A replication that uses the same topic with a different IV/DV.

Question 27

What is a “constructive” replication?

Answer 27

A replication that adds levels of IV/DV.

Question 28

What is a “participant” replication?

Answer 28

A study that is similar but uses a different sample.

Question 29

What are the five types of validity?

Answer 29

Internal, external, face, construct, predictive.

Question 30

What does the correlation coefficient describe?

Answer 30

The strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables.

Question 31

What are extraneous variables?

Answer 31

Any variable other than the manipulated variable that influences the events.

Question 32

What are the three types of extraneous variables?

Answer 32

Subject, task, environment.

Question 33

What are confounding variables?

Answer 33

Extraneous variables that change or vary with manipulation.

Question 34

What’s the difference between single-factor design and factorial design?

Answer 34

Factorial design has two or more IVs.

Question 35

What are the five threats to INTERNAL validity?

Answer 35

1. Extraneous/confounding variables.
2. Experimenter bias
3. Subject bias
4. Demand characteristics
5. Regression to the mean

Question 36

What is internal validity?

Answer 36

Accuracy of cause-and-effect conclusions.

Question 37

What is external validity?

Answer 37

Accuracy of generalizing conclusions.

Question 38

What are the three threats to EXTERNAL validity?

Answer 38

Biased participant selection, biased assignments to groups in the study, ecological validity.

Question 39

What is statistical validity?

Answer 39

Accuracy of statistical conclusions.

Question 40

What is a directionality problem?

Answer 40

Being unaware of which valuable is leading the other to change.

Question 41

How do quasi-experiments differ from experimental tests?

Answer 41

They lack random assignment and control features.

Question 42

What is a longitudinal study?

Answer 42

A study where the same group of people are observed at different points in their life.

Question 43

What is a cross-sectional study?

Answer 43

A study in which a group of different ages is observed at one point in time.

Question 44

What is reliability?

Answer 44

The consistency of a measure.

Question 45

What is validity?

Answer 45

The accuracy of a measure.

Question 46

What is a Type 1 error?

Answer 46

A false positive.

Question 47

What is a Type 2 error?

Answer 47

A false negative.