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PSYC 3401 (Research Methods) > Cumulative Exam > Flashcards

Cumulative Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the goals of behavioral science?

A

To describe/explain/predict behavior.

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2
Q

What is the difference between Rational Approach and Empirical Approach?

A

Rational: relies on reason and intuition.
Empirical: relies on experience and studies.

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3
Q

What are the FOUR ways of “knowing?”

A
  1. Intuition and anecdote
  2. Authority
  3. Empiricism
  4. Scientific approach
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4
Q

What is the difference between Basic Approach and Applied Research?

A

Basic Approach: gains a better understanding of behavior.
Applied Research: conducted to determine solutions to problems.

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5
Q

What is the “intuition and anecdote” way of thinking?

A

Accepting your own judgment.

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6
Q

What is the “authority” way of thinking?

A

Believing those in authority.

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7
Q

What is the “empiricism” way of thinking?

A

Relying on scientific observations.

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8
Q

What is the “scientific approach” way of thinking?

A

Relying on MULTIPLE scientific studies.

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9
Q

What are the two types of participant samples?

A

Representative and convenient.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the representative participant sample?

A

To ensure the representation of the population.

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11
Q

What is the convenient participant sample?

A

A participant sample with little regard for the representation of population.

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12
Q

What are the FIVE types of non-experimental methods?

A
  1. Case study
  2. Observation
  3. Survey research
  4. Correlational research
  5. Quasi-experimental
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13
Q

What is the most commonly used non-experimental method?

A

Survey research

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14
Q

What is the case study?

A

A study that focuses on a single/few individuals.

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15
Q

What is observational study?

A

A study where researchers observe/record the behavior systematically.

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16
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Research that measures the relationship between variables.

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17
Q

What is quasi-experimental research?

A

Studies that are similar to true experimental studies, but lack random assignment and control features.

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18
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

Observations that take place in natural environments.

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19
Q

What is laboratory observation?

A

Observations that take place in a controlled setting.

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20
Q

What are the THREE limitations of the correctional method?

A
  1. Directionality problems
  2. Third Variable Problem
  3. Correlation is not causation
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21
Q

What is the experimental method?

A

The study of the relationship between two variables by the manipulation of one.

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22
Q

What is the Independent Variable?

A

The manipulated variable/the “cause.”

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23
Q

What is the Dependent Variable?

A

The measured variable/the “effect.”

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24
Q

What are the THREE experimental design types?

A

Between-subjects, within-subjects, mixed-factor.

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25
Q

What is the between-subjects experimental design type?

A

A study where different participants are in different conditions.

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26
Q

What is the within-subjects experimental design type?

A

A study where the same participants are asked to tel ALL conditions.

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27
Q

What are the four types of replications?

A

Exact, conceptual, constructive, and participant.

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28
Q

What is an “exact” replication?

A

A replication using the same sample and methodology.

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29
Q

What is the “conceptual” replication?

A

A replication that uses the same topic with a different IV/DV.

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30
Q

What is a “constructive” replication?

A

A replication that adds levels of IV/DV.

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31
Q

What is a “participant” replication?

A

A study that is similar but uses a different sample.

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32
Q

What are the FIVE types of validity?

A

Internal, external, face, construct, predictive.

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33
Q

What does the correlation coefficient describe?

A

The strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables.

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34
Q

What are the extraneous variables?

A

Any variable other than the manipulated variable that influences the events.

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35
Q

What are the THREE types of extraneous variables?

A

Subject, task, environment.

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36
Q

What are the confounding variables?

A

Extraneous variables that change or vary with manipulation.

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37
Q

What’s the difference between single-factor design and factorial design?

A

Factorial design has two or more IVs.

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38
Q

What are the FIVE threats to internal validity?

A
  1. Extraneous/confounding variables
  2. Experimenter bias
  3. Subject bias
  4. Demand characteristics
  5. Regression to the mean
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39
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Accuracy of cause-and-effect conclusions.

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40
Q

What is external validity?

A

Accuracy of generalizing conclusions.

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41
Q

What are the THREE threats to external validity?

A

Biased participant selection, biased assignments to groups in the study, ecological validity.

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42
Q

What is statistical validity?

A

Accuracy of statistical conclusions.

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43
Q

What is a directionality problem?

A

Being unaware of which valuable is leading the other to change.

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44
Q

How do quasi-experiments differ from experimental tests?

A

They lack random assignment and control features.

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45
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

A study where the same group of people are observed at different points in their life.

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46
Q

What is reliability?

A

The consistency of a measure.

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46
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

A study in which group of different ages is observed at one point in time.

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47
Q

What is validity?

A

The accuracy of a measure.

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48
Q

What is a Type 1 error?

A

A false positive.

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49
Q

What is a Type 2 error?

A

A false negative.

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50
Q

What are the two types of statistics?

A

Descriptive and inferential.

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51
Q

What do inferential statistics give us?

A

The ability to make generalizations about the population.

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52
Q

What are the THREE measures of central tendency?

A

Mode, median, and mean.

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53
Q

What are outliers?

A

Extremely different scores.

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54
Q

What does a Chi squared statistic test?

A

Nominal data.

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55
Q

What does ANOVA stand for?

A

Analysis of variance.

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56
Q

How many groups is ANOVA used for?

A

More than 2 groups.

57
Q

What are the two ANOVA measures of variance?

A

Systematic and error.

58
Q

What is systematic variance?

A

The comparison of the means of different groups to the overall mean of your sample.

59
Q

What is error variance?

A

Looking at individuals and comparing their scores to the group they’re in.

60
Q

What is the mode?

A

The most frequent number.

61
Q

What is the median?

A

The middle number when the data is placed in ascending order.

62
Q

What is the mean?

A

The average.

63
Q

In correlations, the ________ is the strength and the _________ tells you the direction.

A

number; sign.

64
Q

In normal distribution, where do most of the scores lie?

A

In the middle.

65
Q

List the parts of an APA research paper in order:

A

Title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references.

66
Q

In an APA paper, the titles should be in ________.

A

bold

67
Q

What is probability?

A

The likelihood of rejecting a null when it is true.

68
Q

What is the commonly used probability/alpha level?

A

0.05%

69
Q

What is the effect size?

A

Magnitude of the effect of the I.V.

70
Q

If the probability is __________ 0.05%, you should _________ the null.

A

less than; reject

71
Q

If the probability is __________ 0.05%, you should _________ the null.

A

more than, accept

72
Q

What does a null hypothesis indicate?

A

No effect or difference in results.

73
Q

What does a research hypothesis indicate?

A

Difference or effect in results.

74
Q

How do you avoid a Type 1 error?

A

Lowering the alpha value.

75
Q

How do you avoid a Type 2 error?

A

Using a bigger sample.

76
Q

What is a T-Test used to measure?

A

2 groups.

77
Q

What is the “p value?”

A

Significance level.

78
Q

What are the FOUR types of observational methods?

A

Naturalistic, systematic, case studies, and archival research.

79
Q

What are the two issues of naturalistic observations?

A

Concealing your presence; participant/non-participant.

80
Q

What is reactivity?

A

The possibility that the presence of the observer influences the behavior.

81
Q

What are the FOUR questions not to ask when taking a survey?

A

Loaded questions, double-barreled questions, negatively worded questions, jargon questions.

82
Q

What are the benefits of questionnares?

A

Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.

83
Q

What are the three probability sampling techniques?

A

Simple random, stratified random, and cluster sampling.

84
Q

What is simple random sampling technique?

A

Every member of the population has an EQUAL chance of being chosen.

85
Q

What is a stratified random technique?

A

Population is divided into subgroups, then random samples are taken from each subgroup.

86
Q

What is clustered sampling technique?

A

Researcher identifies clusters of samples then performs random assignment on a group basis.

87
Q

What are the three non-probability sampling techniques?

A

Convenience, purposive, quota.

88
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Based on availability with no regard for representation.

89
Q

What is purposive sampling?

A

Sampling people who meet certain pre-determined criteria.

90
Q

What is quota sampling?

A

Uses convenience to obtain a numerical composition of various subgroups of the population.

91
Q

What are the THREE limitations of correctional methods?

A

Directionality problem, third variable, correlation =/= causation.

92
Q

What is meta analysis?

A

Procedure in which previous research findings on a topic are analyzed and summarized.

93
Q

What are the THREE issues with meta analysis?

A

Must identify all relevant variables, often only significant results are published, different studies use different methodologies and provide different data.

94
Q

What is quasi-experimental research?

A

Research similar to experimental, but it lacks control groups and/or random assignment.

95
Q

What are the FIVE types of quasi-experimental designs?

A
  1. One Group Posttest.
  2. One Group Pretest-Posttest.
  3. Nonequivalent Control Group.
  4. Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design.
  5. Proposing Score Matching (PSM) of Nonequivalent Treatment and Control Groups.
96
Q

What is testing effect?

A

Any change due to taking a pretest.

97
Q

What are the alternative explanations when using a pretest-posttest dseign?

A

History, instrument decay, maturation, regression to the mean.

98
Q

How is quasi-experimental research different from a true experiment?

A

It lacks control group and/or random assignment.

99
Q

What is a between-subjects design?

A

Each participant receives only ONE level of the independent variable/one group/one condition.

100
Q

What are the advantages of between-subject designs?

A

Easier to understand/conduct, no problems with carryover effects.

101
Q

What are the disadvantages of between-subject designs?

A

Needs a separate control group, requires a large # of participants, individual differences can have a huge impact.

102
Q

What factors lead to unequal groups?

A

Assignment bias, differential attrition, diffusion of treatment, compensatory equalization.

103
Q

What is assignment bias?

A

Any bias in the way participants are assigned to groups.

104
Q

What is diffusion of attrition?

A

Participant droupout.

105
Q

What is diffusion of treatment?

A

Participants discuss the study w/ each other.

106
Q

What is compensatory equalization?

A

Untreated group learns about the treatment the experimental group is receiving and demands equal treatment.

107
Q

What is within-subject design?

A

Participants are under the same condition.

108
Q

What is the most common within-subject design?

A

Single-group pretest-posttest.

109
Q

What are the advantages of within-subject design?

A
  • Each subject serves as their own control.
  • Minimizes differences between conditions.
  • Fewer subjects are needed.
  • Has greater statistical power.
110
Q

What are the disadvantages of within-subject design?

A
  • Not always a possible research design.
  • Requires more time from each participant.
  • Subject attrition.
  • History effect.
  • Instrumentation.
  • Regression towards the mean.
  • Carryover effects.
111
Q

What are the benefits of interviews?

A

Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.

112
Q

What is a response set?

A

Tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective.

113
Q

What are the three types of response set?

A

Yay-saying, nay-saying, social desirability.

114
Q

What is the yay-saying response set?

A

Tendency to agree.

115
Q

What is the nay-saying response set?

A

Tendency to disagree.

116
Q

What is the social desirability response set?

A

Tendency to reply in a socially desirable way.

117
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

Altering the order of the treatments.

118
Q

What are the two types of counterbalancing?

A

Subject-by-subject, across-subject.

119
Q

What is subject-by-subject counterbalancing?

A

Counterbalancing w/ treatment orders.

120
Q

What is across-subject counterbalancing?

A

Counterbalancing w/ one treatment order.

121
Q

What are the two types of subject-by-subject counterbalancing?

A

Reverse counterbalancing, block randomization.

122
Q

What are the two types of across-subject counterbalancing?

A

Latin square counterbalancing, balanced Latin square counterbalancing.

123
Q

What happens in reverse counterbalancing?

A

Participants receive different treatment in one order, then again backwards.

Ex: AB/BA; ABC,CBA

124
Q

What happens in block randomization?

A

Each subject is given blocks of trials w/ several orders.

Ex: ABC; ACB; BAC; CAB; BCA

125
Q

What is the most common form of counterbalancing?

A

Latin-square.

126
Q

What happens in balanced latin-square counterbalancing?

A

Each treatment occurs equally in treatment position and each treatment precedes and follows every other treatment an equal # of times.

127
Q

What happens in latin-square counterbalancing?

A

Researchers ensure that each treatment occurs equally.

(Shift/sudoku technique)

128
Q

What are the two main ways to share research results with others?

A

Poster/Article.

129
Q

What is a typical poster presentation like?

A

Present brief version of the write-up, have limited space, and provide a handout explaining research.

130
Q

What is the beginning of the process of publishing an article?

A

Determine what journal to send to, write a manuscript, revise, submit to journal editor.

131
Q

What are the steps of your article being reviewed?

A

Journal editor finds experts, sends them articles, experts all read and send back letter to editor.

132
Q

What are the FOUR decisions of an action letter?

A
  1. Accepted without revisions.
  2. Provisionally accepted with minor revisions.
  3. Rejected but revised and resubmitted.
  4. Rejection.
133
Q

What criteria is used in determining acceptance?

A

Significance of findings, statistical findings, editorial bias/decision, and reviewer bias.

134
Q

What are the THREE risks involved in behavioral research?

A

Physical harm, stress, and confidentiality.

135
Q

What is the criteria for informed consent?

A

Provide information that might influence the decision to participate.

136
Q

What is deception?

A

Active misinformation about the nature of the study.

137
Q

What is debriefing?

A

Telling participants the true purpose of the study.

138
Q

What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

A

A group of individuals responsible for review and approval for all reseatch at that institution.

139
Q

What is fraud?

A

Fabricating data.

140
Q

What is plagiarism?

A

Misrepresenting someone else’s work as your own.

PSYC 3401 (Research Methods) (6 decks)

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