Cumulative Exam Flashcards
What are the goals of behavioral science?
To describe/explain/predict behavior.
What is the difference between Rational Approach and Empirical Approach?
Rational: relies on reason and intuition.
Empirical: relies on experience and studies.
What are the FOUR ways of “knowing?”
- Intuition and anecdote
- Authority
- Empiricism
- Scientific approach
What is the difference between Basic Approach and Applied Research?
Basic Approach: gains a better understanding of behavior.
Applied Research: conducted to determine solutions to problems.
What is the “intuition and anecdote” way of thinking?
Accepting your own judgment.
What is the “authority” way of thinking?
Believing those in authority.
What is the “empiricism” way of thinking?
Relying on scientific observations.
What is the “scientific approach” way of thinking?
Relying on MULTIPLE scientific studies.
What are the two types of participant samples?
Representative and convenient.
What is the purpose of the representative participant sample?
To ensure the representation of the population.
What is the convenient participant sample?
A participant sample with little regard for the representation of population.
What are the FIVE types of non-experimental methods?
- Case study
- Observation
- Survey research
- Correlational research
- Quasi-experimental
What is the most commonly used non-experimental method?
Survey research
What is the case study?
A study that focuses on a single/few individuals.
What is observational study?
A study where researchers observe/record the behavior systematically.
What is correlational research?
Research that measures the relationship between variables.
What is quasi-experimental research?
Studies that are similar to true experimental studies, but lack random assignment and control features.
What is naturalistic observation?
Observations that take place in natural environments.
What is laboratory observation?
Observations that take place in a controlled setting.
What are the THREE limitations of the correctional method?
- Directionality problems
- Third Variable Problem
- Correlation is not causation
What is the experimental method?
The study of the relationship between two variables by the manipulation of one.
What is the Independent Variable?
The manipulated variable/the “cause.”
What is the Dependent Variable?
The measured variable/the “effect.”
What are the THREE experimental design types?
Between-subjects, within-subjects, mixed-factor.
What is the between-subjects experimental design type?
A study where different participants are in different conditions.
What is the within-subjects experimental design type?
A study where the same participants are asked to tel ALL conditions.
What are the four types of replications?
Exact, conceptual, constructive, and participant.
What is an “exact” replication?
A replication using the same sample and methodology.
What is the “conceptual” replication?
A replication that uses the same topic with a different IV/DV.
What is a “constructive” replication?
A replication that adds levels of IV/DV.
What is a “participant” replication?
A study that is similar but uses a different sample.
What are the FIVE types of validity?
Internal, external, face, construct, predictive.
What does the correlation coefficient describe?
The strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables.
What are the extraneous variables?
Any variable other than the manipulated variable that influences the events.
What are the THREE types of extraneous variables?
Subject, task, environment.
What are the confounding variables?
Extraneous variables that change or vary with manipulation.
What’s the difference between single-factor design and factorial design?
Factorial design has two or more IVs.
What are the FIVE threats to internal validity?
- Extraneous/confounding variables
- Experimenter bias
- Subject bias
- Demand characteristics
- Regression to the mean
What is internal validity?
Accuracy of cause-and-effect conclusions.
What is external validity?
Accuracy of generalizing conclusions.
What are the THREE threats to external validity?
Biased participant selection, biased assignments to groups in the study, ecological validity.
What is statistical validity?
Accuracy of statistical conclusions.
What is a directionality problem?
Being unaware of which valuable is leading the other to change.
How do quasi-experiments differ from experimental tests?
They lack random assignment and control features.
What is a longitudinal study?
A study where the same group of people are observed at different points in their life.
What is reliability?
The consistency of a measure.
What is a cross-sectional study?
A study in which group of different ages is observed at one point in time.
What is validity?
The accuracy of a measure.
What is a Type 1 error?
A false positive.
What is a Type 2 error?
A false negative.
What are the two types of statistics?
Descriptive and inferential.
What do inferential statistics give us?
The ability to make generalizations about the population.
What are the THREE measures of central tendency?
Mode, median, and mean.
What are outliers?
Extremely different scores.
What does a Chi squared statistic test?
Nominal data.
What does ANOVA stand for?
Analysis of variance.
How many groups is ANOVA used for?
More than 2 groups.
What are the two ANOVA measures of variance?
Systematic and error.
What is systematic variance?
The comparison of the means of different groups to the overall mean of your sample.
What is error variance?
Looking at individuals and comparing their scores to the group they’re in.
What is the mode?
The most frequent number.
What is the median?
The middle number when the data is placed in ascending order.
What is the mean?
The average.
In correlations, the ________ is the strength and the _________ tells you the direction.
number; sign.
In normal distribution, where do most of the scores lie?
In the middle.
List the parts of an APA research paper in order:
Title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references.
In an APA paper, the titles should be in ________.
bold
What is probability?
The likelihood of rejecting a null when it is true.
What is the commonly used probability/alpha level?
0.05%
What is the effect size?
Magnitude of the effect of the I.V.
If the probability is __________ 0.05%, you should _________ the null.
less than; reject
If the probability is __________ 0.05%, you should _________ the null.
more than, accept
What does a null hypothesis indicate?
No effect or difference in results.
What does a research hypothesis indicate?
Difference or effect in results.
How do you avoid a Type 1 error?
Lowering the alpha value.
How do you avoid a Type 2 error?
Using a bigger sample.
What is a T-Test used to measure?
2 groups.
What is the “p value?”
Significance level.
What are the FOUR types of observational methods?
Naturalistic, systematic, case studies, and archival research.
What are the two issues of naturalistic observations?
Concealing your presence; participant/non-participant.
What is reactivity?
The possibility that the presence of the observer influences the behavior.
What are the FOUR questions not to ask when taking a survey?
Loaded questions, double-barreled questions, negatively worded questions, jargon questions.
What are the benefits of questionnares?
Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.
What are the three probability sampling techniques?
Simple random, stratified random, and cluster sampling.
What is simple random sampling technique?
Every member of the population has an EQUAL chance of being chosen.
What is a stratified random technique?
Population is divided into subgroups, then random samples are taken from each subgroup.
What is clustered sampling technique?
Researcher identifies clusters of samples then performs random assignment on a group basis.
What are the three non-probability sampling techniques?
Convenience, purposive, quota.
What is convenience sampling?
Based on availability with no regard for representation.
What is purposive sampling?
Sampling people who meet certain pre-determined criteria.
What is quota sampling?
Uses convenience to obtain a numerical composition of various subgroups of the population.
What are the THREE limitations of correctional methods?
Directionality problem, third variable, correlation =/= causation.
What is meta analysis?
Procedure in which previous research findings on a topic are analyzed and summarized.
What are the THREE issues with meta analysis?
Must identify all relevant variables, often only significant results are published, different studies use different methodologies and provide different data.
What is quasi-experimental research?
Research similar to experimental, but it lacks control groups and/or random assignment.
What are the FIVE types of quasi-experimental designs?
- One Group Posttest.
- One Group Pretest-Posttest.
- Nonequivalent Control Group.
- Nonequivalent Control Group Pretest-Posttest Design.
- Proposing Score Matching (PSM) of Nonequivalent Treatment and Control Groups.
What is testing effect?
Any change due to taking a pretest.
What are the alternative explanations when using a pretest-posttest dseign?
History, instrument decay, maturation, regression to the mean.
How is quasi-experimental research different from a true experiment?
It lacks control group and/or random assignment.
What is a between-subjects design?
Each participant receives only ONE level of the independent variable/one group/one condition.
What are the advantages of between-subject designs?
Easier to understand/conduct, no problems with carryover effects.
What are the disadvantages of between-subject designs?
Needs a separate control group, requires a large # of participants, individual differences can have a huge impact.
What factors lead to unequal groups?
Assignment bias, differential attrition, diffusion of treatment, compensatory equalization.
What is assignment bias?
Any bias in the way participants are assigned to groups.
What is diffusion of attrition?
Participant droupout.
What is diffusion of treatment?
Participants discuss the study w/ each other.
What is compensatory equalization?
Untreated group learns about the treatment the experimental group is receiving and demands equal treatment.
What is within-subject design?
Participants are under the same condition.
What is the most common within-subject design?
Single-group pretest-posttest.
What are the advantages of within-subject design?
- Each subject serves as their own control.
- Minimizes differences between conditions.
- Fewer subjects are needed.
- Has greater statistical power.
What are the disadvantages of within-subject design?
- Not always a possible research design.
- Requires more time from each participant.
- Subject attrition.
- History effect.
- Instrumentation.
- Regression towards the mean.
- Carryover effects.
What are the benefits of interviews?
Response rate is higher, problems can be clarified.
What is a response set?
Tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective.
What are the three types of response set?
Yay-saying, nay-saying, social desirability.
What is the yay-saying response set?
Tendency to agree.
What is the nay-saying response set?
Tendency to disagree.
What is the social desirability response set?
Tendency to reply in a socially desirable way.
What is counterbalancing?
Altering the order of the treatments.
What are the two types of counterbalancing?
Subject-by-subject, across-subject.
What is subject-by-subject counterbalancing?
Counterbalancing w/ treatment orders.
What is across-subject counterbalancing?
Counterbalancing w/ one treatment order.
What are the two types of subject-by-subject counterbalancing?
Reverse counterbalancing, block randomization.
What are the two types of across-subject counterbalancing?
Latin square counterbalancing, balanced Latin square counterbalancing.
What happens in reverse counterbalancing?
Participants receive different treatment in one order, then again backwards.
Ex: AB/BA; ABC,CBA
What happens in block randomization?
Each subject is given blocks of trials w/ several orders.
Ex: ABC; ACB; BAC; CAB; BCA
What is the most common form of counterbalancing?
Latin-square.
What happens in balanced latin-square counterbalancing?
Each treatment occurs equally in treatment position and each treatment precedes and follows every other treatment an equal # of times.
What happens in latin-square counterbalancing?
Researchers ensure that each treatment occurs equally.
(Shift/sudoku technique)
What are the two main ways to share research results with others?
Poster/Article.
What is a typical poster presentation like?
Present brief version of the write-up, have limited space, and provide a handout explaining research.
What is the beginning of the process of publishing an article?
Determine what journal to send to, write a manuscript, revise, submit to journal editor.
What are the steps of your article being reviewed?
Journal editor finds experts, sends them articles, experts all read and send back letter to editor.
What are the FOUR decisions of an action letter?
- Accepted without revisions.
- Provisionally accepted with minor revisions.
- Rejected but revised and resubmitted.
- Rejection.
What criteria is used in determining acceptance?
Significance of findings, statistical findings, editorial bias/decision, and reviewer bias.
What are the THREE risks involved in behavioral research?
Physical harm, stress, and confidentiality.
What is the criteria for informed consent?
Provide information that might influence the decision to participate.
What is deception?
Active misinformation about the nature of the study.
What is debriefing?
Telling participants the true purpose of the study.
What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A group of individuals responsible for review and approval for all reseatch at that institution.
What is fraud?
Fabricating data.
What is plagiarism?
Misrepresenting someone else’s work as your own.
