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Nutrition > Exam 3: Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the placenta in nourishing the fetus?

A

it transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mothers blood into the fetal blood.

It also secrets hormones that support pregnancy and removes waste.

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2
Q

What is the Gestation period and how long does it last?

A

The time from conception to birth.
Lasts approx. 40 weeks.
Split up into trimesters.

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3
Q

Pre-embryo phase

A

The period from conception to week two.

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4
Q

When does the embryotic phase take place, and what happens?

A

This is the period from week 3 to 8.
The placenta begins to form and is completed by week 5.
This is the period of gestation most susceptible to harm and defects.

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5
Q

What is the recommended weight gain by a pregnant woman in each trimester?

A

1st Trimester: No weight gain required.

2nd Trimester: Increased energy requirements by 340 kcal/day.

3rd Trimester: Increased energy requirements by 452 kcal/day.

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6
Q

True or False?

During the pregnancy, the mother should not worry about increasing her intake of the essential fatty linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids.

A

False.

The mother should INCREASE her intake of the essential fatty acids.

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7
Q

During a pregnancy, Docosahexaenoic acid is needed to support growth of the baby’s _______ and ________ _________.

A

During a pregnancy, Docosahexaenoic acid is needed to support growth of the baby’s Eyes and Nervous system.

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8
Q

Approximately how many pounds of weight should a pregnant mother gain? And how many pounds account for the fetus and the maternal fat?

A

The mother should gain a total of 25-35 lbs during a pregnancy.
Fetus - 7-8lbs
Maternal Fat - 4-11lbs

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9
Q

Why is morning sickness, constipation, and heartburn common among preggo women?

A

Morning sickness - no one knows he true cause. might be hormones.

Constipation - the relaxed muscles of the colon are less efficient during pregnancy due to the weight of the baby on it.

Heartburn - The baby puts pressure on the stomach and the upper esophageal sphincter becomes relaxed during pregnancy and allows stomach acid to leak into the esophagus.

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10
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

High blood glucose levels that develop while pregnant.

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11
Q

What are the five risk factors of developing gestational diabetes?

A
  1. Being overweight
  2. Over 25 years old
  3. Family history of diabetes
  4. Being Hispanic, African American, Native American Pacific islander
  5. Previously given birth to a large baby
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12
Q

What are the four risk factors with pregnancy induced hypertension

A
  1. Has been diagnosed with HTN before pregnancy.
  2. Diagnosed with kidney disease before pregnancy.
  3. Under 18 or over 35 yrs old.
  4. Low income mothers
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13
Q

What are the negative effects of gestational diabetes for the infant? what about the mother?

A 
Infant
- large birth weight 
- Increases risk of Diabetes later 
- Low blood glucose after delivery.
Mother 
- 20-50% chance of developing diabetes within the next 5-10 years.
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14
Q

What are the four benefits of exercise during pregnancy?

A
  1. Prevents excess weight gain
  2. Reduces risk of hypertension
  3. Prevents constipation
  4. Speedy recovery after pregnancy
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15
Q

Preclampsia

A

high blood pressure with severe edema and protein in the urine from pregnancy induced hypertension.

It may reduce blood flow to the fetus.

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16
Q

What is the major cause of death of women during pregnancy?

A

Eclampsia

17
Q

What nutrients are needed during lactation and why?

A

Folate - Because it is secreted in breast milk

18
Q

What are the effects of alcohol, mercury, caffeine, and drug use on the outcome of pregnancy?

A

Alcohol causes birth defects.
Mercury is poisonous.
Excess Caffeine can result in low-birth-weight babies, and miscarriages.

19
Q

Why does pregnancy increase the susceptibility to food borne illnesses?

A

Because the immune system is weakened from the course of pregnancy

20
Q

What food acquired bacteria is of great concern for pregnant women and what is it found in?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

found in: Uncooked hotdogs, Lunch meat, Unpasteurized milk and cheese.

21
Q

What are the hormones that trigger breast milk production and letdown?

A

Prolactin Triggers PROduction

Oxytocin - Triggers Letdown[milk moving to the nipple]

22
Q

What are the water and energy needs of lactating women?

A

Pregnant women should consume an additional 1 liter of water daily.
Should consume and additional 330 cals for the first six months and 400 cals for the second six months.

23
Q

Colostrum

A

The watery milk-like substance produced by the breasts after the birth, that helps boost the baby’s immune system. it contains vitamins, minerals, and a little protein.

24
Q

What is the nutrient composition of mature milk?

A

High lactose for energy, more digestible form of protein

(alpha-lactalbumin), Easily digestabe form of fat DHA AA.

25
Q

What vitamins and minerals should be supplemented in an infant?

A

Vitamin K

Vitamin D

26
Q

How are growth charts used to monitor the nutritional well-being of infants?

A

Growth charts state that a baby’s weight should double by 4-6 months.

27
Q

What is the expected rate of growth of an infant during the first year?

A

Birth weight should triple by 12 months.

28
Q

What five factors should be considered before food is introduced to an infant?

A
  1. Does the child have mature GI and Kidneys?
  2. Has tongue-thrust reflex faded by 4-6 months?
  3. Has swallowing skills matured adequately?
  4. Does the infant have head, neck and back control?
  5. Can the infant turn away when he/she is full?
29
Q

How should food be introduced to infants and in what order?

A

Solid foods should be introduced gradually to make sure the infant isn’t allergic or intolerant.
One new food per week
Rice cereal is a great first food because it is the least allergy-causing grain.

30
Q

What are the six benefits of breast feeding compared to those of formula feeding?

A
  1. Bonding with your baby
  2. Less expensive
  3. More convenient
  4. Helps the uterus return to its normal size
  5. Weight loss
  6. Reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
31
Q

What are some foods that should not be fed to infants and why?

A

No honey for the first year.
No foods that may be choking hazards.
No foods that are too high in protein.

32
Q

True or False?

The RDA for Calcium increases with pregnancy.

A

False

During pregnancy, calcium absorption in the GI tract doubles.

33
Q

True or False?

The RDA for Vitamin D increases when you become pregnant.

A

False

The RDA of Vitamin D Is the same for pregnant women and those aren’t.

34
Q

eclampsia

A

A condition which develops during pregnancy when preclampsia goes untreated that causes seizures and death.

35
Q

True or False

An excess intake of preformed vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects.

A

True.

too much meat is bad for a preggo lady!!!

36
Q

The leading cause of preventable birth defects is what?

A

Alcohol

37
Q

True or False

Mercury is commonly found in all fish.

A

False

Mercury is commonly found in only larger, longer-living fish like sword fish and shark.

38
Q

How old should the infant be when iron-enriched food are introduced?

A

4-6 months

Nutrition (12 decks)

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