Chapter 8 Learning Objectives

Question 1

solvent

Answer 1

Something that is able to dissolve substances.

Question 2

solute

Answer 2

Dissolved substances in a solution.

Question 3

osmosis

Answer 3

The movement of water across a membrane associated with a difference in concentration of dissolved substances.

Question 4

blood pressure

Answer 4

The amount of force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries.

Question 5

Co factors

Answer 5

inorganic ions or coenzymes that help activate incomplete enzymes be complete in order to do its job.

Question 6

How is water distributed throughout the body?

Answer 6

2/3 of body water is in intracellular fluids

the other 1/3 is in extracellular fluids

Question 7

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Answer 7

?

Question 8

What are the six functions of water in the body?

Answer 8

1. Acts as a universal solvent
2. Metabolic processes in the body occur in water.
3. Transport system for substances throughout the body.
4. Cushion for the brain, organs, fetus
5. Lubricates and protects joints, eyes with saliva and mucus.
6. Maintenance of body temperature

Question 9

What are the organizations responsible for regulating public and bottled drinking water?

Answer 9

The Environmental Protection Agency regulates public drinking water.
The Federal Drug Administration regulates the production of bottled water.

Question 10

What are the symptoms of dehydration?

Answer 10

headache, fatigue, reduced cognative and physical performance, nausea, confusion, disorientation, dark pee.

Question 10

Water intoxication

Answer 10

When you lose water and sodium through sweating and just replacing the water and sodium lost with straight water. This dilutes the remaining sodium in your body and leads to symptoms similar to dehydration.

Question 11

hyponatremia

Answer 11

(politically correct name for water intoxication) when you drink an excess amount of water without sodium.

Question 12

What are the seven overall functions of the minerals in the body?

Answer 12

1. Cofactors
2. Regulate the body’s processes
3. Fluid regulation
4. Bone health
5. Blood pressure regulation
6. Muscle contraction
7. Nerve transmission

Question 13

What are the factors that affect mineral bioavailability?

Answer 13

Components found in whole grains that bind to calcium, zinc, and iron and prevent the body from absorbing them.

Question 14

Hypertension

Answer 14

high blood pressure

Question 14

What are the risk factors for developing hypertension?

Answer 14

Are African American

Are obese

Are often stressed or anxious

Drink too much alcohol (more than one drink per day for women and more than two drinks per day for men)

Eat too much salt in your diet

Have a family history of high blood pressure

Have diabetes

Smoke

Question 14

What are the characteristics of the DASH diet?

Answer 14

The DASH(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy foods; includes meat, fish, poultry, nuts and beans; and is limited in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, red meat, and added fats. In addition to its effect on blood pressure, it is designed to be a well-balanced approach to eating for the general public

Question 15

What are the common dietary sources of sodium and potassium?

Answer 15

#1 from processed food additives
#2 sodium that is naturally found in foods
#3 sodium from the use of salt shaker

Question 16

What are the DRIs for sodium?

Answer 16

2300 mg/day

Question 17

How does sodium effect blood pressure?

Answer 17

As sodium intake increases, blood pressure increases.

Question 17

What are the factor that affect peak bone mass and the rate of bone loss?

Answer 17

?

Question 18

Explain how blood calcium is regulated.

Answer 18

99% of calcium within the body is found in the solid mineral deposits; the teeth and bones. While the remaining 1% floats around the intracellular fluid.

Question 19

What are good dietary sources of calcium?

Answer 19

Any milk product

Question 20

Explain the functions of calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium that are unrelated to their role in bone.

Answer 20

Calcium aids in nerve transmission, muscle contraction, the release of hormones, and blood pressure regulation.
Phosphorous aids in energy metabolism, structuring cell membranes, regulation of enzyme activity, constituent of DNA/RNA which orchestrate the synthesis of proteins, and prevents changes in the acidity of intracellular fluid.
Magnesium is a part of complex that stabilizes ATP, regulates vitamin D and hormones, may help lower cholesterol.

Question 21

What are some foods high in magnesium and phosphorous?

Answer 21

Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, milk

Question 22

What are some dietary sources of heme iron and nonheme iron?

Answer 22

Heme: Animal based foods-meats, poultry, fish
Nonheme: iron enriched grain products-legumes, apricots, potatoes

Question 23

Explain the absorption of iron in the GI tract and methods of improving the absorption of.

Answer 23

?

Question 24

What are the two functions of iron in the body, and what are the results of a deficiency?

Answer 24

Part of hemoglobin in red blood cells that transport oxygen to tissues and picks up carbon dioxide and waste from cells.

Question 25

What are the three functions of copper in the body?

Answer 25

Part of proteins needed to be transported iron from intestinal cells.
Part of a number of proteins.
Enzymes involved in production of tissues, lipid metabolism, immune function, nervous and system.

Question 26

What are the five functions of zinc in the body?

Answer 26

1. DNA aand RNA synthesis, growth and development.
2. Needed for the production of white blood cells.
3. Mobilization of vitamin A from liver.
4. Wound healing.
5. Stabilization of cell membranes.

Question 27

What is the function of fluoride in the body?

Answer 27

strengthens tooth enamel

Question 28

What are the two functions of iodine in the body?

Answer 28

1. Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones

2. Regulates metabolic rate, helps heart, nerves, muscle and intestines function properly.

Question 29

What are the three functions of selenium in the body?

Answer 29

1. Helps regulate thyroid hormones.
2. Act as antioxidants
3. possible Prevention of colon and prostate cancer

Question 30

Osteoporosis

Answer 30

(“porous bones”, from Greek: οστούν/ostoun meaning “bone” and πόρος/poros meaning “pore”) is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.

Question 31

Anemia

Answer 31

a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.

Question 32

Keshan disease

Answer 32

a congestive cardiomyopathy caused by a combination of dietary deficiency of selenium and the presence of a mutated strain of Coxsackievirus. Often fatal, the disease afflicts children and women of child bearing age, characterized by heart failure and pulmonary edema. Over decades, Supplementation with selenium reduced this affliction.

Question 33

Goiter

Answer 33

is a swelling of the thyroid gland,[1] which can lead to a swelling of the neck or larynx (voice box).

Question 34

Cretinism

Answer 34

a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones (congenital hypothyroidism) usually due to maternal hypothyroidism.

Question 34

Dental Caries

Answer 34

also known as tooth decay or a cavity, is an infection, bacterial in origin, that causes demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues (enamel, dentin and cementum), usually by production of acid by bacterial fermentation of the food debris accumulated on the tooth surface.