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Nutrition > Chapter 7 Lecture Vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Lecture Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compounds essential in the diet to promote growth and maintaenance. Classified as water soluble or fat soluble.

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2
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B-vitamins
Vitamin C
[These are not stored in the body in large amounts]

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3
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A,D,E,K

[Stored in the body (liver and adipose tissue)]

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4
Q

What are the 7 B vitamins?

A 
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Biotin
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
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5
Q

After fat soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine, where do they go?

A

They are absorbed directly into the lymphatic system.

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5
Q

After water soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine, where do they go?

A

They are absorbed directly into the blood.

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5
Q

Approximately what percentage of vitamins consumed are absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Approximately 40-90% of vitamins are absorbed through the small intestine.

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6
Q

provitamins

A

vitamins that are consumed and absorbed in inactive precursor forms that must be converted into active forms by the body.

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7
Q

co-enzyme

A

Organic non-protein molecules carrying electrons, atoms, or chemical groups that participate in the reactions that bind to enzymes to promote their activity.

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8
Q

True or False?

Many of the co enzymes that we consume are b-vitamins.

A

True

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9
Q

Reactive Oxygen molecules (free radical)

A

Because of an imbalance of electrons, these molecules bounce around in our body and cause oxidative damage by stealing electrons from other compounds, causing changes in their structure and function.

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10
Q

Antioxidant

A

the molecule that either destroys or neutralizes reactive oxygen molecules.

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11
Q

True or False?

Vitamin C, E, and Selenium are all examples of antioxidants.

A

True

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12
Q

RDA and AI

A

The recommended amounts of vitamins necessary to prevent deficiencies and promote health.

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13
Q

Explain an “Upper limit” of a vitamin recommendation.

A

there is negative side effects of consuming too much of a certain vitamin.

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14
Q

AMDR RDA

A

?

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15
Q

Thiamin (B1)

A

First vitamin discovered
Serves as a coenzyme for metabolism of glucose and certain amino acids for energy.
Also aids in neurotransmitter production and proper nerve function.

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16
Q

What foods are a good source of thiamin?

A 
Pork
Lentils
Speghetti
White bread
oatmeal
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17
Q

True or False

Enriched(white) bread has the same amount of thiamin as the whole wheat bread.

A

True
When white bread is processed and enriched from whole wheat bread, thiamin is one of the vitamins that is enriched back into the bread.

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18
Q

Beriberi

A

condition that is associated with neurological weakness. Causes fatigue, weaknesss, depression, poor coordination, and extreme conditions, paralysis due to a thiamin deficiency.

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19
Q

wernicke korsakoff syndrome

A

deficiency associated with alcohol abuse that progresses into a damaging brain disorder.

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20
Q

Riboflavin (b2)

A

Aids in the energy metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Keeps cells healthy, and enhances functions of other b-vitamins, such as niacin and b12

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21
Q

What is the major food source of riboflavin?

A

Milk

pork

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22
Q

What are the symptoms from a deficiency of riboflavin?

A

Sores on the lining of the mouth, tongue, eyes. anywhere where cells are regenerated rapidly.

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23
Q

Niacin

A

Coenzyme for energy metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and protein.
Essential in the synthesis of fat and cholesterol.
Maintaining health of skin cells and digestive system.

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24
Q

True or False?

Consuming tryptophan is one way to intake an appropriate amount of niacin.

A

True

Because the body uses tryptophan to make niacin.

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25
Q

what is the major food source of tryptophan?

A

Chicken

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of over consumption of niacin supplements?

A

Flushing
nausea
tingling of the extremeties
toxicity to the liver

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27
Q

Pellagra

A

niacin deficiency disease

Common in the south where a corn based diet is prominent.

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of pellagra known as “the four D’s”.

A

Dermatitus
Diarrihea
Dementia
Death

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29
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Functions as a coenzyme for over 100 enzymes in protein metabolism needed in the creation of nonessential amino acids, conversion of typtophan into niacin, and the breakdown of glycogen for glucose.

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30
Q

True or False?

Vitamin B6 helps create hemaglobin for the creation of red blood cells

A

True

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31
Q

What foods are good source of vitamin B6?

A

Meats

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32
Q

True or False?

Excess amounts of B6 through supplements may result in nerve damage.

A

True.

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33
Q

What are the symptoms of B6 deficiency?

A

Poor growth, skin lesions, poor immune response, numbness or tingling in extremities

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34
Q

Microcytic Anemia

A

Form of anemia where red blood cells are small and unable to carry oxygen throughout the body.

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35
Q

True or False

Elderly people who supplement their diet regularly with B6 have seen no effect on their overall health.

A

False.

Supplementation of B6 within the elderly has shown to improve immune function.

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36
Q

What are the functions of Folate?

A

Aids in amino acid metabolism
Coenzyme for DNA synthesis
Particularly important for rapidly dividing cells

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37
Q

What is the difference between folate and folic acid?

A

Folate is the naturally occurring form of the vitamin foundin food, while folic acid is the synthetic form of folate added to foods and supplements.

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38
Q

Which is absorbed by the body more easily, Folate or foilc acid?

A

Folic acid

39
Q

What are some food sources of folate?

A 
Enriched grains (rice, breads, pasta, cereal)
Legumes
Broccoli
Asparagus
Green Leafy Vegetables
40
Q

What can a deficiency in folate lead to?

A

a deficiency in folate can lead to macrocytic anemia which is the formation of abnormally large red blood cells.

41
Q

True or False?

High levels of Homocysteine in the blood may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

A

True

42
Q

Inadequate intake of folate/folic acid before and during pregnancy can result in what?

A

neural tube defects
[spina bifida (that spin-a not-a there-a)]
[Anencephaly (baby anna dont got no skull)]

43
Q

True or False?

There is no evidence that folate and folic acid reduces the risk of any type of cancers.

A

False

Intake of folic acid and folate may reduce the risk of colon, pancreatic, breast, and ovarian cancers.

44
Q

What can a deficiency in Vitamin B12 result in?

A

Macrocytic anemia and nerve damage

45
Q

What is the only water soluble vitamin stored in the body at significant amounts?

A

Vitamin B12

46
Q

What vitamin is also called cobalamine because of its containing of the element cobalt?

A

Vitamin B12

47
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B12?

A
  1. ATP production from certain fatty acids
  2. conversion of folate to active form
  3. Homocysteine to methionine conversion.
  4. Myelin coating of nerve cells
48
Q

True or False?

Animal based foods are a good source of Vitamin B12.

A

True

49
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the small intestine.

50
Q

True or False?

Those over 50 years in age should meet their B12 needs with supplements.

A

True

51
Q

Atrophic Gastritis

A

The reduced ability to produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

52
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

A type of anemia that occurs from an inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor.

53
Q

What are the two functions of Biotin?

A
  1. Coenzyme for energy metabolism and glucose synthesis.

2. Metabolizes fatty acids and amino acids.

54
Q

True or False?

Biotin is made by bacteria in the GI.

A

True

55
Q

What vitamin is also known as ascorbic acid?

A

Vitamin C

56
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

Collagen

57
Q

Vitamin C helps in the production of what four substances of the body?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Hormones
  3. Neurotransmitters
  4. Carnitine (needed for fat metabolism)
58
Q

True or False?

Vitamin C breaks down histamine, supports the immune system, acts as an antioxidant, and regenerates vitamin E.

A

True

59
Q

What would one eat more of to increase their intake of vitamin C?

A

Fruits and vegetables

60
Q

True or False?

Smokers should intake the same amount of vitamin C than that of non smokers.

A

False.

Smoking accelerates the breakdown and elimination of Vitamin C in the body.

61
Q

Scurvy

A

A condition brought from a deficiency in vitamin C that can be characterized by swollen and bleeding gums, rough rash on skin, coiled or curly hair arms, and wounds that wont heal.

62
Q

True or false ?

The increased intake of vitamin C before a cold will prevent it from happening.

A

False.

Vitamin C cannot prevent colds, but it can shorten them.

63
Q

What is the ONLY way to prevent colds?

A

Wash your hands with warm soapy water for at least 20 seconds.

64
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin A found in food?

A

Preformed vitamin A

Provitamin A

65
Q

True or False?

Because fat soluble vitamins can be stored in body fat, there is a reduced risk in deficiencies, but an increased risk of toxicities.

A

True

66
Q

Preformed Vitamin A

A

Known as the “active form”. This form is “preformed” and ready for your body to use.

67
Q

What foods is preformed vitamin A only found?

A

Preformed vitamin A can be only found in animal based foods. [Because animals have already ‘preformed’ the vitamin for you to use.]

68
Q

Provitamin A Carotenoids

A

Precursor to active form that can be only found in plants and is converted to preform in your body.

69
Q

What are the four functions of provitamin A?

A

Production of different immune cells.
The health of epithelial tissue of the skin, intestines, lungs, and eyes.
Bone growth.
Fetal development.

70
Q

True or False?

Beta-carotine acts as an antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals.

A

True

71
Q

True or False?

Excess intake of preformed vitamin A can lead to toxicity.

A

True

72
Q

What are some symptoms of preformed vitamin A toxicity?

A

Liver deterioration and scarring
increased risk of fractures
Increased risk of birth defects

73
Q

True or False?

Excess intake of provitamin A can lead to toxicity.

A

False.

Our bodies have a built-in mechanism that will prevent conversion of more vitamin A than we need.

74
Q

True or False?

A vitamin A deficiency can be caused by an insufficient intake of fat, protein or zinc.

A

True

75
Q

A chronic vitamin A deficiency can lead to what?

A

a reversible state of nightblindness and the stunting of bones

76
Q

True or False?

A prolonged vitamin A deficiency can lead to permanent damage to the cornea known as what?

A

xerophthalmia

77
Q

What vitamin is known as the sunshine vitamin because of the the skin’s ability to produce it from exposure to sunlight?

A

Vitamin D

78
Q

What are some food sources of Vitamin D?

A

Liver, oily fish, and egg yolks

79
Q

What are the two functions of vitamin D?

A

active form acts as a hormone that:
regulates calcium and phosphorous
helps maintain bone health

80
Q

The intake of vitamin D may prevent the risk of what three forms of cancer and what three chronic diseases?

A

Breast, ovarian, colon, and prostate cancer

hypertension, Cardio vascular disease, and multiple sclerosis

81
Q

Explain the activation process of vitamin D in the body.

A

look this up. what gland?

82
Q

In adults and children, what can a vitamin D deficiency result in?

A

in children: Rickits, in adults: osteomalascia

83
Q

alpha-tocopherol

A

the active form of vitamin E

84
Q

What are the two functions of vitamin E?

A

Protects cell membranes

Prevent oxidation of LDL cholesterol

85
Q

What are some food sources of vitamin E?

A

oily foods such as oils, seeds, and nuts

86
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin K?

A

Menaquinone

Phylloquinone

87
Q

Menaquinone

A

the form of vitamin K that is produced by intestinal bacteria.

88
Q

Phylloquinone

A

The form of vitamin K that can be found in green plants.

89
Q

What are the two functions of vitamin K?

A

Aids in bone health

Aids in blood clotting

90
Q

Who would benefit most from dietary supplements?

A 
Those on a diet for any reason
People who dont consume dairy produce
Those with dark pigmentation
cigarette smokers
vegans or vegetarians
older adults
young and pregnant women
91
Q

True or False?

The production of dietary supplements is closely supervised by the FDA.

A

False

The FDA does not directly supervise the production of supplements.

92
Q

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)

A

defines what a dietary supplement is, and deferentiates itself from medication.
Establishes the labeling standards of producing dietary supplements.

93
Q

Vitamin A deficiency can be caused by an insufficient intake of what three nutrients?

A

Fat
Protein
Zinc

94
Q

True or False?

In the early stages, a chronic deficiency of vitamin A can lead to night blindness.

A

True

95
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

1 cause of preventable blindness in children of developing countries that may result in permanent damage to the cornea due to a deficiency of vitamin C.

96
Q

What is known as the “sunshine vitamin” because it can be produced in the skin when it is exposed to UV light?

A

Vitamin D

97
Q

What are some natural sources of vitamin D?

A

Liver
Oily fish
Egg yolks

Nutrition (12 decks)

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