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Cells/Histology, Josh > Exam 3: Blood and Hemostasis > Flashcards

Exam 3: Blood and Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Explain properties and layers of blood

A
  • 8% of body’s total weight
  • pH range of 7.35-7.45
  • Plasma is blood w/o formed elements
  • Serum is blood w/o the clotting proteins
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2
Q

What are the three layers of herarinied and centrifuged blood?

A
  1. Supernate (plasma)
  2. Buffy coat ( leukocytes)
  3. Precipitate (sedimented RBCs) largest component
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3
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, lipids (lipoproteins), hormones, vitamins, and salts.

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4
Q

How can blood serum be defined?

A

a protein-rich fluid lacking fribrinogen but containing albumin, immunoglobulins, and other components

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5
Q

What is contained in the buffy coat?

A

leukocytes and platelets, (~1% of blood)

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6
Q

Contrast blood in Males vs. Females

A
  • Males:
    • 5-6 Liters
    • 44-54% formed elements
    • 47% hematocrit
  • Females
    • 4-5 Liters
    • 38-48% formed elements
    • 42% hematocrit
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7
Q

What are the blood proteins and their properties?

A
  • Fibrinogens
    • made in liver
    • function in blood clotting
    • Targer for thrombin
  • Albumins
    • made in liver
    • exert major osmotic press on B.V. walls
  • Globulins
    • Immunoglobulins
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8
Q

Characteristics of erythrocytes (RBCs)

A
  • erythropoietin can influence increase in #
  • devoid of granules and organelles
  • Major contents
    • lipids
    • ATP
    • Carbonic Anhydrase
    • Hemoglobin
  • Proteins
    • ~50% are integral membrane proteins
    • peripheral proteins: spectrin, actin (ankyrin bound)
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9
Q

Identify the slide below

A

Normal Erthyrocytes

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10
Q

Identify the slide below

A

Sickle Cell erythrocytes

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11
Q

What have RBC been useful in studying.

A

The cortical cytoskeleton

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12
Q

What property of RBCs makes studying the plasma membranes and easily isolating the associated proteins.

A

They have no nucleus or organelles.

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13
Q

What is the principal determinate of a RBC shape

A

cortical cytoskeleton

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14
Q

What is the major structural protein of RBCS? What family of actin-binding proteins does it belong to?

A

Spectrin, calponin family of actin binding proteins

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15
Q

Explain the spectrin-actin network of RBCs

A

a tetramer of two polypeptide chains, α & ß. The ends of spectrin tetramers associate with short actin filaments

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16
Q

What does ankyrin do?

A

Links the spectrin-actin network and the plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and a transmembrane protein (band 3)

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17
Q

What is Protein 4.1?

A

It is another link that binds spectin-actin junctions and the transmembrane protein glycophorin.

18
Q

What name is also associated with Neutrophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)

19
Q

Describe Leukocytes:

A
  • Nuclear Lobes w/connecting strands
  • active amoeboid phagocytes
  • small numerous spedific granules
  • larger, less numerous azurophilic granules
  • 10-12 h in circulation, live 1-2 after leving circulation
  • secrete emzyme to destroy bacteria (superoxide)
  • release lysozome & lactoferrin for bacterial walls
20
Q

Decribe the cells in the slide below

A

Neutrophils

21
Q

Describe the cells in the slide below

A

Neutrophils

22
Q

Describe the cells in the slide below

A

Neutrophils

23
Q

Describe the cells in the image below

A

neutrophils

24
Q

Basophils have a lobulated (bilobed) nucleus, what do their large, membrane bound basosophilic granules contain?

A
  • Vasoactive Substance
    • serotonin
    • Herparin (anticoagulant)
    • Kallikrein
25
Q

What effect do the leukotrienes produced by basophilic granues have?

A
  • Increase vascular permeability
  • slow contraction of smooth muscles
26
Q

Eosinophils, like basophils, have a bilobed nucleus, what specific granules do they contain?

A
  • Major basic protein (MBP)
    • disrupts parasite membrane
    • causes basophils to relases histomine
  • Peroxidases
  • Cationic protein
    • neutralizes heparin and is anti-parasitic
27
Q

How do Eosinophils function?

A
  • Respond in allergic disease and parasitic infections
  • Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes and parasites.
28
Q

Identify the granulocyte in the slide below

A

Eosiniphil

29
Q

Identify the granulocyte in the slide below

A

Basophil

30
Q

Identify the cell below

A

Lymphocyte. Notice how the nucleus fills most of cell

31
Q

Explain the nucleus and two different cell lines that arrise from a Lymphocyte:

A
  • Large round, sometimes slightly indented; and it fills most of the cell
  • B-lymphocytes: bone marrow
    • precursor of plasma cell
  • T-Lymphocyte:Thymus
    • Precursor of T lymphocyte?
32
Q

Identify the cell the blue line is NOT point to.

A

Monocytes

33
Q

A monocyte is the the largest leukocyte, what does its nucleus look like? What is it a precursor of?

A

Kidney shaped nucleus, precursor of macrophages and osteoclasts

34
Q

What are platelets derived from and how many can exist per microliter of blood?

A

Derived from megakaryocytes, 200,000 -400,000/microliter of blood.

35
Q

How do platelets enhance aggregation and what can they promote?

A

Enhance regulation by release of factors, and they promote clot formation, retraction, and dissolution.

36
Q

How is damage to endothelium repaired?

A

A platelet plug is formed.

37
Q

T/F adhesion of platelets involves integrins?

A

True

38
Q

One way platelets can increase platelet aggregation is through the release of ___________.

A

Thromboxane

39
Q

To decrease platelete aggregation, endothelial cells can release _________.

A

Prostacyclin

40
Q

Accumulation of blood in tissues is called a _________.

A

Hematoma

41
Q

Hemostasis is the elemination of bleeding and the mechanism is most effective in __________, __________, and ___________

A

capillaries, arterioles, venules

42
Q

5 Steps of hemostatic sequence

A
  • Constriction of smooth muscles around vessels
  • Constriction of vessels
  • Slowing of blood
  • Formation of platelet plug
  • Blood clotting (coagulation)

Cells/Histology, Josh (15 decks)

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