Exam 3 Flashcards
Enterotoxaemia is often seen in lambs that are on?
Heavy ewes
What is Enterotoxaemia?
It is an overeating disease in lambs
Which disease is sometimes confused with a reportable disease?
Contagious Ecthyma can be confused with foot and mouth disease
What type of animal experiences high incidence of urinary calculi?
Wethers (castrated males)
Why do wethers have a higher incidence of urinary calculi?
Because they lack reproductive development due to less testosterone
Chronic mastitis is?
Often undetected
What is the appearance of Acute mastitis teats?
They have discolored, dark, mammary glands
What is the most common cause of abortion in sheep/goats?
Chlamydia abortus
What is the causative agent of gaseous lymphadenitis ?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
What is the causative agent of foot rot?
Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus combination
What is the causative agent of listeriosis?
Listeria monocytogenes
What is the causative agent of epididymitis in rams/bucks?
Brucella ovis
What are some of the most common lab diseases?
Pregnancy toxemia Milk fever Mastitis Prolapses Abortion Epididymitis White muscle disease Urinary calculi
When is Pregnancy toxemia most likely to occur?
In late gestation
What should a healthy sheep or goat look like?
Walks without discomfort Chews the cud Regular normal vocal sounds No droopy ears Attentive and alert
What pathogen causes enterotoxemia?
Clostridium perfringes bacterium (Type C, D)
How can enterotoxemia be prevented?
Vaccination (Covexin 8)
Who are at highest risk and most affected by enterotoxemia?
Weanlings on lush pastures Lambs nursing on heavy ewes Weanlings on hot feeds
What are “hot feeds”?
Energy dense or high concentration feeds/diets Ex: silage
What are the affected areas in Soremouth disease?
It is seen around the eyes Nostrils Mouth Mammary gland vulva
What is the Tx for Soremouth?
Treatment is ineffective
How long does it take for Contagious ecthyma to resolve on its own?
1-4 weeks
Is Contagious ecthyma zoonotic?
Yes
What is Soremouth A.K.A?
Contagious ecthyma
What is the causative pathogen of Soremouth disease?
ORF virus
What bacteria causes Epididymitis?
Brucella ovis
What are the c/s of Epididymitis?
enlarged testicles can cause infertility Rams should be testes or be virgin prior to breeding
What is Enterotoxemia A.K.A?
Overeating disease
Largest lambs are affected by what disease?
Enterotoxemia
Is there an effective treatment for Epididymitis?
No real TX, prevent by using disease free rams
What are the c/s of White Muscle Disease?
Stiffness in rear limbs and tucked flanks Degeneration of skeletal muscle White stripes in cardiac muscle
What causes White Muscle Disease?
Selenium deficiency
How can WMD be treated/prevented?
Selinium supplement (pre-birth & post birth) Trace mineral block or injectable supplement
What is urinary calculi A.K.A?
Waterbelly
Who are most affected by urinary calculi?
Wethers (castrated rams)
What causes urinary calculi?
Calcium and phosphorus from high concentrate diets
What are the c/s of Waterbelly?
Calculi obstructs urethral process and prevents urine flow Urine can get backed up and rapture bladder
How can urinary calculi be prevented?
Acidifying feeds with ammonium chloride prevents formation of stones in acidic urine.
Treatments/surgery for urinary calculi?
Penile Urethrostomy: bypass sigmoid flexure Males urinate like females after Urethral process amputation
What is the main cause of abortion in sheep/goats?
Chlamydia
What are some of the causes for abortions in sheep/goats?
Viral: Hairy shaker disease (a.k.a Border Disease) Nutritional: Toxic plant ingestion (false hellebore), ingesting too much Johnson grass Bacterial: Chlamydia
What are some of the common lambing/kidding diseases?
Pregnancy Toxemia Milk Fever Mastitis Prolapses Abortion
When does Pregnancy Toxemia occur?
During late gestation
Who are primarily affected by Pregnancy Toxemia?
Ewes that are thin, over fattened or are pregnant with multiple fetuses
What causes Pregnancy Toxemia?
Negative energy balance due to a lack of adequate nutrition
How is Pregnancy Toxemia treated? What other disease is similar?
Glucose, propylene glycol supplementation It is similar to Ketosis in cattle
What are the symptoms of pregnancy toxemia?
Down, won’t eat, lateral recumbency, muscle fasciculations
What causes Milk fever?
Hypocalcemia (low calcium)
How is milk fever treated?
Supplement calcium given
How is milk fever prevented?
Calcium supplementation
What is mastitis?
The inflammation of the mammary gland
What causes mastitis?
Physical injury or bacterial causes Staphylococcus, Pasteurella, Coliforms, E. Coli.
How is mastitis treated?
intramammary infusions, NSAIDS, antibiotics. Systematic antibiotics for acute mastitis
What are the signs of acute mastitis?
Discoloration of milk, purple and swollen teats yucky smelling discharge.
What are the signs of chronic mastitis?
Decreased milk production but it often goes undetected.
What are some of the drugs used to treat mastitis?
Tomorrow, Today, Pursue, penicillin base
How is prolapse treated?
Suture, spoon, harness
What are some common causes of abortions?
Viral: Hairy Shaker disease (Border disease=neurologic signs), similar to BVD Nutritional: Toxic plant ingestion (False heliborne) Bacterial: Chlamydia
Abscesses in sheep/goats
A.K.A Caseous Lymphadenitis
Caseous Lymphadenitis
Very contagious bacterial infection Submandibular lymph node affected Masses form in lymphatic joints
What pathogen causes lymphadenitis?
Cyanobacterium pseudotuberculosis
What disease is similar to strangles in horses?
Caseous lymphadenitis
How is Caseous Lymphadenitis treated?
Isolation Not very effective antibiotic tx. Take pus out and test @ lab Let it drain and take its course
What are the two types of Bloat?
Frothy and Gaseous
Gaseous Bloat
Tx: Nasogastric tube Trochar for vagal indigestion (Cranial nerve 10 = Valgus nerve)
Frothy Bloat
Hemicellulose increases surface tension of water Tx: dish soap Caused by legumes Trochar or stab it
Listeriosis
A.K.A Circling disease Caused by: Listeria monocytogenes
What are the c/s of Listeriosis?
Head pressing cornered, circling, “moon gazing”, head twisting
How can Listeriosis be treated/prevented?
No vaccine available Tx: antibiotics, but keep things clean
Pneumonia
Bacterial causes: Pasteurella multocida or Mannheimia haemolytica Viral causes: Influenza, Caprine arthritis & encephalitis (CAE) virus, aderovirus OPP (ovine progressive virus) Weaning increases susceptibility due to increased stress
Scrapie
C/S: Similar to mad cow disease -aggression -Intense rubbing -Tremors -Chronic weight loss
What is the oldest Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy known (TSE)?
Scrapie Affects the CNS Transmission: Ocular contact, placental, milk, potentially environmental (2-5 years incubation) No Tx
Foot diseases
Foot Rot Foot Scald
What are the causes of foot rot?
Bacterial: Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum produces a powerful enzyme that dissolves hoof horn and leads to the undermining of the sole.
What causes foot scald?
The bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum causes a common disease known as foot scald
How can foot rot and foot scald be treated?
Sync and copper sulfate footbaths -antibiotics -Mastitis tx can be effective
Parasites
Internal External
Nematodes
Haemonchus contortus : Barber pole worm Trichostrongylus colubriforms -Bankrupt worm Teladorsagia circumcincta (formely Osstertagia) -Brown stomach worm Nematodirus
Nematodes life cycle
Abomasum Eggs in feces/environment L3 infective stage
How much blood can a H. contortus drink/day?
1 drop/day 1000 worms = 2 qts per month
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
c/s diarrhea, unthrifty appearance, rarely leads to death -Look like hookworm eggs
Telodorsagia
Nodules of abomasum Larval Hypobiosis = damage when they come out Do not drink blood
Nematodirosis
Adults seem immune -Severe diarrhea, may lead to death in lambs -Obstruction can kill them
Eimeria Ovina and Crandallis (commonly kwnon as Coccidia)
-Host specific -Big problem in young lambs -c/s: diarrhea, weakness, dehydration, glomerulonephritis (kidney shutdown), secondary bacterial infections of the intestines and fly strikes ( parasitic flies lay eggs in wounds/wool). -Problem usually in 1-6 mts old -Prophylactic Tx recommended -Lambs exposed from early age from ewe’s often develop lifelong immunity
Eimeria in goats similar to sheep
Mostly problem with kids during stressful times such as shipping and weaning
Eimeria Tx
Sulfur drugs, antiprotozoal Ex: TMC tabs once per day for 15 days
Internal parasites
Monitor with Famacha Card (made by Faffa Malan)
External parasites
ex: Lice, flies, ticks Control: Fly control, topical permethrin
Which operation would be the most expensive to operate, including al equipment?
Farrow-to-finish
Which breed is known for the leanest and mostly heavily muscled hog?
Pietrain
Which breed is considered a versatile breed?
Yorkshire
What causes the pungent smell that is associated with manure treatment?
Volatile fatty acids are byproduct of protein breakdown
Diamond-shaped derma lesions are pathognomonic for what disease?
Acute erysipelas
Arthritis and vegetative valvular endocarditis is seen in what disease?
Chronic erysipelas
What serovar are swine the maintenance host of?
L. Bratislava
What type of pneumonia can cause widespread issues in a hog operation?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Which disease causes severe damage to nasal turbinates?
Atrophic Rhinitis
What is true about swine parvovirus?
It is endemic in hogs and often times infections are subclinical
What disease are hogs the only reservoir and it can cause neurological signs in all animals?
Pseudorabies
The principle lesion in Classical Swine Fever is what?
Generalized vasculitis
How does Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus differ from Transmissible Gastroesnteritis?
PEDV has a longer incubation period than TGE, and only causes diarrhea
What are the clinical signs in pseudorabies in non-porcine species?
-Sudden death -Neurological signs -Intense local pruritis
What are the swine terms and their meaning?
Farrow: parturition Gilt: Female that has not farrowed Barrow: Castrated male Boar: Breeding male Sow: Breeding female Feeder pig: between weaning and finishing Market hog: usually 260-280 lbs Market weight: 253
What is the temp, average age and weight, pigs/litter?
Temp: 102.5 253lbs in 170 days 8.3 pigs/litter Feed to gain ration
How big are current big hog operations?
1,000-80,000 sows Total ~ 65,000 producers
What are the production systems and how do they differ?
-Farrow to finish: from breeding to market, finish at 280lbs -Grower-finisher: No breeding, but everything else the same. Weanlings are brought to the farm
What is All-in-All-out?
-Universal practice in swine production -Keep animals in the group -They are moved all together -Barn is cleaned in between group changes
Berkshires
-high-quality meat, a lot of marbling, not popular due to new lean meat preferences -six white points
Duroc
-Fastest growing -Red
Hampshire
-Lean, heavy muscle, oreo belt color
Landcrace
-Maternal breed -Long-bodied -Droopy ears
Pietrain
-Black speckles -Good for crossbreeding -Porcine stress gene (PSG) -Capture Myopathy -Build up of lactic acid, causes squishy pork meat
Poland China
Meat breed High growth rate
Yorkshire
-CREAM OF THE CROP -Meat and versatile -Heave, lean muscle, and maternal breed
Lean pigs have what shape?
Hourglass shape Need to reach market size quickly More sellable pork when it is lean
What are some things to take into consideration for raising facilities?
-Temperature -Ventilation -Sanitation -Manure management -Food and water
Farrow-to-Finish
Requires the most equipment Farrowing crates keep the sows from laying down on the piglets -#1 reason for piglets death is sows laying on them
Describe characteristics of a Gestation Barn?
-Allows sows to move and interact with other sows
What is the nursery?
Where piglets are kept at -82-85 F -Until they reach 50 lbs -Ideal temperature and humidity -Too cold, they don’t eat, too hot, they get stressed
What is the finishing barn?
Kept at 75 F Good ventilation Manure is controlled, collected
Aerobic manure treatment
-Uses oxygen to break down manure -Decreases amount of odor -Aerobic oxidizes organic material and nitrogenous compounds VFAs -VFAs culprit for the pungent odor
Anaerobic Treatment of manure
-Uses bacteria to digest waste -Lagoons are most common -Methane byproduct can be use as energy source
What are the different forms of Erysipelas disease?
-Acute -Chronic
Erysipelas
one of the oldest recognize diseases that affect swine Acute form seen mostly in finisher/grower pigs
Acute Erysipelas
-May find dead pigs without any signs -Common signs: Depression, febrile, inability to move, shifting leg lameness
What shape are Pathognomonic lesion?
Diamond shape dermal lesions everywhere in the body
Chronic Erypiselas
-Chronic arthritis -Vegetative valvular endocarditis (plaque that forms in the heart) -Can cause death via embolism cardiac insufficiency
What is the Tx or prevention for Erysipelas?
-Penicillin: every 12 hours for minimum 3 days -Vaccination is very effective -Outbreaks seen when vaccines are not administered
Leptospirosis (Deer disease)
-Two serovars: a. L. Pomona: Can see acute leptospirosis in younger pigs is most common b. L Bratislava: pigs are maintenance host, rarely develop acute, infertility is most common
Acute Leptospirosis
In younger pigs: -Fever, anorexia, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), acute icterus, hemoglobinuria, hemolytic anemia In Sows: -Abortion during 2-4 wks before term of gestation
Leptospirosis Tx Prevention
-Antibiotics for acute disease: Oxytet, pen G, Excede/Excenel, Draxxin, long acting oxytet and exceed appear to do best -Chronic disease: Cull, can be eaten Prevention: Vaccination
What is Enzootic Pneumonia?
Causative agent: Mycoplasm hyopneumoniae -Chronic, clinically mild penumonia C/S: Chronic cough, decreased growth rate, flare ups of dyspsnea, lung lesions in slaughtered hogs
Tx for Enzootic Pneumoniae
When the disease first appears: Antibiotics Prevention: Good practices, All-in-all-out, Biosecurity, proper ventilation, no over crowding. VACCINATION 50/50
Swine Influenza caused by
H1N1 virus
What form of influenza if highly contagious?
Acute, type A influenza virus H1N1 A can affect other species: swine, people, chickens, dogs, cats -China unauthorized vaccine
Who are the hosts of the classical swine flu?
Hogs
What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?
Sudden onset and rapid spread Entire herd within 1-3 days -Depression, fever, anorexia, coughing, dyspnea, weakness, mucoid ocular and nasal discharge
Mortality of influenza
Usually low, 1-4%
What is the biggest loss with influenza?
Market weight delay
What is the Tx for influenza?
No effective treatment Antimicrobials for secondary infections
What vaccines are available for influenza?
H1N1 and H3N2 Have a strong immune response
Atrophic Rhinitis
Disease that targets the nasal turbinates -causes atrophy, septum distortion, shorting or twisting of the mandibula
What is the cause of Atrophic Rhinitis?
Bacterial cause: Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasturella multicocida (also in cattle BRD) Forms: a. Nonprogressive: Just B. bronchiseptica b. Progressive: P. multicocida and B. bronchiseptica
Treatment and Prevention Atrophic Rhinitis
-Some chemoprophylaxis helps (feed additive) Tylosin, tetracyclines in feed -Toxoids are available (need for both pathogens) Bacterial-toxoid mixtures yields best results
What is Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)?
It is a viral infection -virus group: Arteriviridae
What are the two phases of PRRS?
Reproductive failure and Post Weaning respiratory disease (progressive) -Big disease that plows through barrowing farms
PRSS Reproductive
-Stillborn fetuses mummies 25-35% in the herd -Premature farrowing -weak weaned pigs
Symptoms, Tx, prevention PRRS Reproductive
Anorexia, agalactia -increase in suckling piglet mortality -Piglets might be born viremic -Leads to phase 2-Respiratory
PRRS Respiratory
PHASE 2
Symptoms, Tx, prevention PRRS Respiratory
-If born viremic shed virus for 112 days -Leads to destruction of alveolar macrophages -allows for secondary infections to penetrate the lungs -No effective treatment Prevention is culling and proper management -Can reduce ADG (1lb per day normally) by 85%, increases mortality
Porcine Parvovirus
-Reproductive failure in naive dams -Used to be the most diagnosis for infertility before PRRS
What disease produces the largest number of mummified fetuses?
Porcine Parvovirus
Porcine Parvovirus prevention, Tx
Vaccination It is endemic in pigs Very common infection usually subclinical
Aujeszky Disease
AKA: Pseudorabies -Acute, fetal disease
What causes Aujeszky Disease?
Herpes virus c/s: depend on the age of the animal
What disease are pigs the only reservoir host for?
Aujeszky Disease -It can infect cattle, sheep, cats, goats, and wildlife
What is Aujeszky Disease AKA?
Pseudorabies
What are the c/s of Pseudorabies in young piglets?
-Highly susceptible -almost 100% mortality rates if <7 days old -Neurological signs: tremors, paddling
What are the c/s of Pseudorabies in weanlings pigs?
-Mainly respiratory signs -Inhibits alveolar macrophages function
What does Pseudorabies cause in all ages?
Anorexia, fever, and weight loss
What is the primary site of viral replication for Pseudorabies?
Nasa, pharyngeal, or tonsillar epithelium. -Virus spreads via the lymphatic where replication continues -Spreads via nervous tissue to the brain -Replicates neurons of the pons and medulla Nose-Tonsils-Lymphatic-Brain-Dead
Pseudorabies vaccine
Vaccine is the best prevention -Intranasal MLV sows and 1-7 days old piglets -Mass vaccination of all hogs -Develop immunity within 24 hrs
Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)
-Similar to parvo in puppies c/s: Vomiting and profuse diarrhea Dehydration within 18 hours of incubation -Causes villous atrophy, malabsorption, osmotic diarrhea, and dehydration -Vaccines are only control
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PEDV)
-Corona viral diarrhea -Affects pigs of all ages -Resembles TGE REPORTABLE DISEASE -Pigs are the only host -Not related to any other member of the Coronaviridae
How is PEDV different than TGE c/s?
No vomiting in PEDV
PEDV Tx, prevention, etc
Diarrhea is the only virus direct clinical sign Watery diarrhea of all pigs Longer incubation period than TGE -3-4 days incubation No specific treatment Can be eliminated from herd by maximizing biosecurity: -All-in-all-out -Farrowing management -Good sanitation
What is Classical Swine Fever AKA?
Hog cholera
What are the c/s of CSF?
Contagious, fatal disease -High fever -Lethargy -Yellowish diarrhea -Vomiting -Cyanosis (reddening) of the skin
What are the forms of CSF?
-Highly lethal -Acute -Chronic -Subclinical
What are the c/s of CSF?
-Principal lesions: generalized vasculitis -CNS vasculitis leads to neurological signs -Necropsy lesions: Widespread petechial/eccchymotic hemorrhage
How is CSF controlled and is it reportable?
Yes, REPORTABLE disease -CSF free countries: control movement of animals in and out of the borders -Forbid prophylactic vaccination Endemic countries: vaccinations
Which type of operation is the most expensive to operate, incluiding all equipment?
Farrow-to-finish
Which breed is knwon for being the leanest and most heavily muscled?
Pietrain
Which swine breed is considered a versatile breed?
Yorkshire
Diamond-shaped dermal lesions are pathognomic for what disease?
Acute Erysipelas
Arthritis and vegetative vulvar endocarditis is seen in what disease?
Chronic Erysipelas
What serovar are swine the maintenance host of?
L. Bratislava
What type of pneumonia can cause widespread issues in a hog operation?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
What is true about swine parvovirus?
It is endemic in hogs and often times infections are subclinical
It can cause reproductive failure
What disease are hogs the only reservoir and it can cause neurological signs in all mammals?
Pseudorabies
Neurological signs are most commonly seen in suckling pigs and respiratory signs are seen in weanlings
The principle lesion in Classical Swine Fever is what?
Generalized Vasculitis
Subacute and chronic forms of the disease are also characterized by high fever, staggering gait, cough, diarrhea, purple discoloration of the skin, and death.
How does Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) differ from Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)?
PEDV has a longer incubation period (3-4 days) than TGE, and only causes diarrhea
TGE also causes vomitting and has a ~18 hr incubation period.
What are the cilical signs of pseudorabies in non-porcine species?
Sudden death
Intense local pruritus
CNS circling, maniacal behavior, paralysis
“Mad Itch”
Mycoplasmosis in poultry
Avian Pox
Pullorum Disease Poultry
Lymphoid Leukosis
Fowl Cholera
What are the common bacterial diseases in poultry?
Colibacillosis
Mycoplasmosis
Fowl Cholera
Necrotic Enteritis
Pullorum Disease
Fowl Typhoid
Infectious Coryza
Erysipelas
What are the common internal parasitic infections in poultry?
Ascarids
Cecal worms
Gapeworms
Coccidia
What are the common External Parasites in poultry?
Mites
Lice
Fowl Tick
Chiggers
What are the common viral diseases in poultry?
Avian pox
Newcastle Disease
Infectious Bronchitis
Lymphoid Leukosis
Marek’s Disease
Infectious Bursal Disease
What pathogen causes Colibacillosis?
E. coli
Coliform infections
Colibacillosis
Combination of severe acute and mild common in young
E. coli toxins causes Air saculitis: inflamation (pus) systematic kills them
Respiratory disease, septicemic disease, enteritis, or combination of all of them.
How can you treat/prevent Colibacillosis, Coliforminfections?
Difficult to treat
Best to manage thorugh sanitation, ventilation, good litter, low stress, and proper hatching conditions
Mycoplasmosis is?
A significant respiratory disease
M. gallisepticum
M. meleargridis
M. synoviae
What causes CRD?
What causes Airsacculitis in turkeys?
Mycoplasma meleagridis
What causes Infectious synovitis?
Macyplasma synoviae
Joint swelling
CRD and Mycoplasm gallisepticum
In adults mild respiratory disease
Young birds “air sac disease”
C/S: coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, severe infections involve the whole repiratory tract
Swelling underneath the eyes and animals don’t grow as well
What is the treatment for CRD?
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Eradication of organisms through National Poultry Improvement program
What is Fowl Cholera caused by?
Pasturella Multicocida
Fowl Cholera-Pasteurella multicocida
Found in feces, dead birds, contaminated water, fomite transmission
C/S: Stupor, anorexia, lameness, swollen wattles, dyspnea, watery yellowe-green diarrhea, cyanosis
Treatment:
Sanitation and Sulfa drugs/penecillin ccan control losses
Necrotic Entritis is caused by?
Clostridium perfringes
Necrotic Enteritis
Causes destruction of the intestinal lining
CAULIFLOWER LIKE LESIONS
Tx: antibiotics can be effective
Linked with coccidia contributing factor
Pullorum Disease is caused by?
Salmonella pullorum
Highly fatal to young chicks/poults
Acutely dead chicks
c/s: dyspnea and white diarrhea
Tx: depopulation
Testing prior to hatching
Fowl Typhoid
Caused by Salmonella gallinarum
Spleen enlargement
Mechanical transmission
c/s: sporadic mortality
Prevention: testing eggs prior to hatching
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
c/s: Flaccid paralysis, can’t breath, inability to swallow
Prevention: eliminate sources of toxis, wich are generallly dead animals
Rodent control is important
Infectious Coryza
Hemophilus gallinarum
c/s: swelling of face/wattles, nasal discharge, swollen sinuses.
Prevention: Identify and removed infected birds
Antibiotics, but never fully gone
Erysipelas
caused by Erysipelothrix insidiosa
ZOONOTIC
c/s: general weakness, anorexia, yellow/greenish
Necropsy diffuse hemorrhages in any tissue/organ
Tx: Penicillin
Tom’s snood swollen and purple
Ascarids
Large intestinal roundworms
c/s: droopiness, emaciation, diarrhea
Tx: Piperazine
Stric sanitation
Sterilize area
Cecal worms
Keterakins gallinae
found in cecum
No real disease, but is a vector for HISTOMONAS melegridis (Blackhead)
Tx: Fendbendazole trade name Panacur
Gapeworms
Red worm found in the trachea
Causes “grapes” or open mouth breathing
Birds can die from suffocation
Tx: Fedbendazole
Coccidia
Protozoan parasite Eimeria
Severe diarrhea
can lead to C. perfringes disease or Enteritis
Vaccination avialable
Anticoccidials (Corid mix with water)
Poultry Mites
Main concern: Northern Fowl Mite (Ornithonyssus sylvairum)
Causes lower egg production and self mutilation
Tx: Permethrin
Most common chicken mite: Dermanyssus gallinae
Poultry lice
Mainly causes irritation
Lice are species specific
Tx: Permethrin
Fowl Tick
AKA Blue bug
can cause anemia
Tx: Environmental control
Chiggers
AKA Red bugs
Local skin irritation
Diminshes carcass value
Tx: Permethrin
Avian Pox
Caused by Fowl pox or canary pox virus
Direct/indirect contct
Dry or Wet form
Dry: Small whitish lesions
Wet: Oral cavity
No Tx
Vaccine effective
New Castle disease
VVND most severe
Viserotropic velogenic Newcastle disease
Twisted neck (torticollis)
Neurologic signs are rare
Vaccines available
No tx
Infectious Bronchitis
Extremely contagious
Vaccine avialable
No Tx
Lymphoid Leukosis
Tumor in the liver and spleen
Prevention: do not mix birds
No Tx or vaccine
Control parasites
Marek’s disease
AKA visceral leukosis dead quickly
C/S: Visceral
Neural
Ocular
Skin
Vaccine available >90% effective
REPORTABLE DISEASE
Infectious Bursal Disease
AKA Gumboro
Acute highly contagious
Lesions Gelatinous film develops
No immunity anymore
Careful use of vaccine
What is a vertical integration system poultry?
It is a production system where all segments of industry are owned by the same company
Ex: Tyson and Perdue own everything except the water, electricity, etc. at a chicken growing facility
What is the breakdown of vertical integration in poultry?
Primary breeders
Feed mill
Breeders
Hatchery
Growing farms
Processing plants
Further processing
Transport and marketing
Primary breeders
Make and reproduce elite breeds of chicken
Goal: make breeds that lay down abundant meat and have excellent feed efficiency
Feed Mills
Ratios are made by nutritionist
Defined diet for each section of production
Many companies own mills that finished feed
Breeders
Contract growers raise breeder chicks to adults
offspring becomes broilers
Harchery
All fertilized eggs are sent here
Chicks are sexed and vaccinated
All of this takes place within 12 hrs of hatching
Grower farms
Chicks rearing houses are very controlled
Ventillation and temperature
Broilers 9 lbs total feed consumed
5lb market weight
Farmer provides facilities, water, electricity, and management
Processing plants
Electric water bath staunting
Carcass sold whole or further processed
Further processing
Are specialized operations
sell for much higher than whole chicken
Transport and Marketing
Tyson all covered by the parent company
refrigerated trucks take to store and restaurants
Chicken breeds
Over 50 recognized by APA
Layers
Meat
Dual purpose
Meat breeds
Fast growth rate
White Cornish breed cross with White Plymont Rock
Layer breeds
White egg layers = white ear lobes
Red ear lobes = Brown
More energy used on egg production thatn muscle growth
White Leghorns
Basis of commercial egg industry
Rhode Island Red
Very hearty layers
Brown eggs
Turkey breeds
8 breeds recognized
Broad brested Large white
Shorter breat bones
Shorter legs
Must be artificially inseminated
What is the cause/pathogen for Erysipelas in swine?
Streptococcus pyogenes or
Erysipelothix rhusiopethac
