Exam 2 Flashcards
Why are ruminants different?
Their 4 chambered stomach gives them the ability to utilize fibrous feeds.
-Low energy feed can be converted to VFAs -Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
What biological priorities should be considered when choosing ratios for your cows?
- Maintenance 2.Growth 3. Milk, Production 4. Reproduction
What do CP, DM, NEM, TEN, stand for?
CP: Crude Protein DM: Dry Matter NEM: Net Energy Metabolized
What do nutrition requirements depend on?
-Stage of Production -Body Condition -Biological Types
What is the most critical period of nutrition for a cow?
Early lactation
Early Lactation
-Most critical period -Required intake; 1.7-2.5% BW of DM -9-10% CP -Stress of calving and environment can be hard on the cow
What does the cow have the lowest energy needs?
Mid Lactation/gestation: After the calf is weaned ~ 7 moths after calving, she should be bread back. Mommas are given a lot of feed to replenish body condition
What is the second most critical nutritional period for cows?
Late gestation because they she is getting ready to produce a lot of milk
Late gestation
Cows should be at adequate 5-6 BCS. Greatest fetal growth and development occurs. Requirements: 14% Energy increase. 20% CP Increase. Mid Gestation requirements: 1.5-2lb High protein supplement. Need more protein because calf is growing.
During what stage of lactation can milk fever be seen?
During early lactation
Early Lactation in Heifers
Yearling heifers require 11-12 % CP because they are growing and lactating Heifers have a decreased DM intake 1-2 weeks post partum
Average DM intake for BCS
Fleshly cows: 1.5lb/100 of BW Average cows: 1.75lb/100 of BW Thin cows: 2-2.5lb/100 of BW
Biological type influence
Maintenance and lactation requirements increase with body frame score and milk production It is influenced by breed, heterosis, and genetic potential.
Other nutritional requirements depend on…
Sex Age Weather Physical activity Bad weather=energy demand increases
BCS
Ideal: 5-6 Preferred: 5 Better condition = higher fertility BCS of 1 won’t have enough energy to cycle BCS of 9 will cycle but may not breed, may have dystocia issues
Young bull nutrition is aimed at?
Growth and development Usually would need to thin out to breed effectively when it matures
Bull (young) testing and nutrition
Bull tests use concentrate-based rations. Low roughage and energy rich that pushes for overall growth and condition Bull may need a few weeks to readjust rumen flora after bull test Overgrown hooves and ruminitis can be a risk of bull test.
Bull nutrition outside of test
Ration will be similar to what cows are getting More forage, high roughages, low concentrates Bull may need to be fed back to good BCS for breeding because he will require a lot of energy and could lose a lot of weight during breeding season.
Correlation between fertility and BCS
Cows are more fertile on first cycle and bulls are more fertile for BSE if close to ideal body condition
Feed Classifications (3)
- Roughages 2. Concentrates 3. Supplements
Roughages
High fiber content, low digestible nutrients Ex: Fescue, timothy, clover, oat hay, orchard.
Stored roughages
Ex: Baled hay, silage, straw Hay: adequate to marginal for energy and Protein Legume: High in protein Silage: mid-high energy, low protein Straw: low energy, high fiber, low protein
Concentrates
Low fiber, high digestible nutrients Ex: oats, grains, corn, etc.
What grain is the standard for comparison because it is the most widely fed?
Corn -Easy to use -Not much protein -Small grains like barley and oats have 85-90% of the energy value of corn, and are higher in protein
Concentrates Protein feeds
Ex: Soybean meal, cottonseed meal, poultry litter, urea. -Soybean: primary for feed, high far, high protein -Cottonseed: lower protein than soy, higher energy and fiber if whole. Feed meals are easier to absorb than wholes
Molasses in Feed
They raise palatability and act as binding agent for mineral to make them yummy
Main feed-related diseases
Molybdenum toxicity Gossypol toxicity Botulism Aflatoxicosis
Molybdenum toxicity
It is seen in rough, starchy pastures high in molybdenum. Excess Molybdenum causes copper deficiency because it binds to copper in the body and depletes it of it. C/S: scours, rough coats, poor fertility rate Dx: enzyme assay of copper containing ceruloplasmin Tx: copper suplementation
Copper supplementation can cause what disease in sheep?
It can cause copper toxicosis in sheep
Gossypol Toxicity
Toxic ingredient in cotton plant, specifically the free form.
Gossypol Toxicity Tx:
C/S: Cardiopulmonary, hepatic, renal, reproductive Tx: Prevention is to not add too much cottonseed to feed Prolonged exposure causes anorexia, weight loss, decreased growth rate, increased susceptibility to stress in calves
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum. Works on neurotransmitter junction. Prevents acetyl choline release in junction Tx: prevention, early detection can be treated Caused by dead animals being rolled up in hay (dead rats)
Aflatoxicosis
Toxic strain of Aspergillus flavus is Aspergillus parasitieus Acute toxicosis seen more commonly in calves C/S: (Acute) Anorexia, depression, hemorrhage and icterus (yellowing of skin) Control: Monitor feed storage for moisture content and presence of mold Comes from fungi, more common in calves. Target organ: The LIVER
Cotton
Whole: Protein
Hulled: Fiber
What are the characteristics of Eartern Feedlots?
They are characterized as “farmers feedlots”
Cattle purchased locally from Southeastern states
Smalles < 4000 head
Smaller workforce have a wide range of tasks.
Cattle are used to market the grain and forages produced at the farm.
Black hides are 1.5 c/lb more valuable
How do farmers feedlots tend to feed calves?
They tend to use higher roughage rations for longer periods of time.
They tend to have a “all natural herd” which is raised on pastrured.
They tend to feed dairy calves.
Turn inventoy only 1 per year
How are High Plains feedlots “commercial feedlots” characterized?
They tend to “custom” feed cattle for other owners (Tyson, McDonalds) or investors in addition to the cattle that they own.
10k to 30 or 40k head easily.
They prefer to feed yearling cattle for about 100-150 days.
Turn inventory 2-3 times per year.
What type of workforce do “factory farms” commercial feedlots, or high plains have?
Workforce has very especialized jobs.
Cattle buying/selling
Herd Health
Nutritionist
They tend to feed high concentrate rations.
May purchase all the feeds they use.
They can develop “least-cost” rations.
Gummy bear candy, bakery’s byproducts.
What are the goals of finishing cattle?
Increase marbling
What is marbling?
Intramuscular fat that increases taste and quality of cut/carcass
What kind of diet improves marbling and meat quality?
More concentrate diet
85% concentrate 15% other
When it is close to slaughter time: 90-10% ration
Faster gains will be seen on a concentrate diet.
However, cattle still needs fiber in diet.
What problems can arise from a high concentrate diet?
Acidosis
Ruminitis
Liver abscesses complex
Vena-cava thrombosis: bacteria invades vessel
Laminitis
What are the finishing goals?
Maintain health
Maximize growth
Increase feed efficiency
Attain carcass comp the market wants
Avoid excess fatness because it is trimmed/loss
Ideal: 28% body fat
Ideal BCS: 7
150 days to put a lot of weight on
What ages and sex of cattle do best in feedlots?
Gain weight best: yearlings (20-25% faster than weanlings)
Which age eats more: yearlings
Which age is more efficient: weanlings because they are putting on bone
Which age requires more time: weanlings
What age of cattle do feedlots prefer?
Yearlings (1-2 yrs old)
What sex does better, eats more, is more efficient on feed?
Steers do better (5%)
Steers eat 5-10% more
Steers are more efficient
Heifers are bought at lower price because they take more money to grow and feed than steers.
How can cattle more efficient growers?
Hormonal implants: improve DG (daily gain) by 5-10% and feed efficiency by 5-10%
Estrogen content is highest in cabbage and eggs oz/ng than implants (3.0 oz/1.2 ng).
What are Ionophores?
They are antibiotic like compunds which were first developed as coccidiostats in the poultry industry.
They function only on the rumen microflora and they do not enter the body tissue.
How do Ionophores work with VFAs?
VFAs: Acetic Acid, Butyric Acid, Propionic Acid.
Ionophores increases propionic acid (proprionate), and decreases acetic acid (acetate).
Increases feed efficiency (ADG: average daily gain)
Who inspects livestock during processing?
USDA Veterinarian inspector
What are the three methods for immobilizing livestock for processing?
Mechanical: most common
Chemical
Electrical
What act/year an book initiated the humane slaughter of livestock?
The 1958 Act, Jungle Book
Animal has to be rendered unconscious before slaughter
USDA quality grades
A: < 30 mts
B: < 42 mts
C: < 72 mts
Based on age and marbling
USDA Yield Grades
Yield 1, 3, or 5
2.8 = 2 no rounding
The lower the number the better
Sheep products
Wool
Meat
What are the types of wool that sheep maily produce?
Fine
Medium
Other: long fancy wool used for rugs
Angora wool for fancy clothing
What are the categories and ages of meat (sheep)?
Lamb (<12 mts)
Yearling Lamb (<15mts)
Mutton (>15 mts)
Goat Products
Meat
Milk
How old are usually chevron kids?
6-9 mts old
50-60 lbs
How old are cabrito kids?
4-8 wks old
Used in religious meals
Most tender. More tender than Chevron
What is the primaty source of milk in the developing world?
Goat’s milk
What s the hormone that controls reproduction in sheep?
Melatonin
What type of reproduction do sheep have?
They are short day breeders
Start cycling in the fall when days are shorter
Pineal gland secretes melatonin
How do sheep sense daylight?
It is sensed in the Pineal glad
Secretes melatonin
What type of breeding do meat Goats have?
Polyestrus
Cycle every 21 days
What type of breeding cycle do dairy goats have?
Seasonally Polyestrus
What are the main differences in nutrition between sheep and goats?
Sheep are grazers
Goats are browser
How do sheep like their grass?
6 inches and tender
Can meet their nutrient requirements from grass alone
What do goats like to eat?
Brush
They like higher fiber
They can improve a pasture in 3-4 years
How is wool different than fur?
It grows differently
What is wool?
Staples
What else besides sheep make wool?
Alpacas, llamas, Angora goats
What are hairless sheep?
They are a cross between a Caribbean and meat breed
Wool processing
- Wash fleece
- Sort wool
- Cord wool
- Comb wool
- spin wool
- Ply yarn
Goat dairy production
Sought for perceived health benefits (not backed up by science) and its unique taste
It can be aromatic because goat browse eating aromatic bushes
Lactose in tolerant people can often drink goat milk without having problems
Goat milk has natural homoginazation
Candles, soaps, lotions, etc.
What are the major dairy breeds in goats?
Nubian
Toggenburn
LaMancha
Oberhasil
Alpine
Saanen
When is peak lactation for goats?
4-6 wks after birth
Early lactation
Will goats get enough nutrition from forage?
No, they need supplementation
What supplements do goats need?
Vitamin B
Calcium
Phosphorous
What legumes can be fed to Goats to provide enough nutrition?
Clover, Alfalfa
Higher protein
Higher calcium
Sheep meat production
It is mainly determined by age and degree of flank streaking
What are the possible grades for lamb meat?
Prime
Choice
Good
Utility
Cull
What are the three parameters to grade lamb?
Maturity
Flanking
Conformation
What determine sheep meat quality?
99% by Age
1% Flank Streaking
More flank = better quality
Narrow body = young = better
Shorter and thicker = higher conforming
How are the ribs of older animals?
Have flat and wide ribs
How are the ribs of young animals?
Red and narrow ribs
What age is a sheep with 2 break joints?
A young lamb
What age is a sheep that has a break joint and a spool joint?
Older lamb to a yearling mutton
What age is a sheep that has two spool joints?
Mutton
Spool and break joints
Young = 3-8 mts
Breaks found in young animals
Spools found in older animals
What are the aging terms associated with spool and break joints in sheep?
=Spool and break combination = yearling mutton
Two break joints = lamb/young
Two spool joints = mutton
Do goat meat has an official grading system?
No, it does not
What are the common grades for goat meat?
Grades 1-4
1 = best
4 = utility
Goats are not a common meat animal in the U.S
What State has the most goats? Sheep? What State is second?
Texas is # 1 for goats and sheep
Tennessee is # 2
How many teats do goats have?
2
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis is caused by what vector?
face flies
M. avium sub. paratuberculosis causes what disease?
Johne’s disease
L. monocytogenes is the bacterial cause of what disease?
Circling disease
What bacteria is transmitted by wildlife urine that can cause abotion storms or weak calves?
Leptospirosis spp.
Easiest way to treat acetoanemia
Oral propylene glycol
A decrease in fertelity, livability, and longevity is known as:
Inbreeding depression
A cervical prolapse with no necrotic tissue present in considered what grade?
III
What is the best treatment for Johne’s disease?
No treatment
Secondary spermatic abnormalities occur where?
Epididymis
1st in testis
Bacterial causes of BRD are P. multocida and
M. haemolytica
In a rotational breeding system, mature cows are
placed in another breeding group with a new bull of a different breed
3-methylindole is a natural byproduct that is pneumotoxic and causes what disease in cattle?
Fog fever
Signs of lead poisoning
grinding teeth, having muscle tremors, violent convulsions
Acetone breath is associated with?
Ketosis
Calf presented with two rear limbs showing in the birth cannal
Posterior presentation
A continous breeding system, is a system where?
Heifers are kept as replacements
A feedlot producer most likely buy
yearling stock
The ischemic disease that affects cattle, when exposed to an endophyte fungus is?
Fescue foot
F. necrophorum, a normal flora of the rumen, causes what disease when exposed to a large amounts of concentrate ratios (simple carbs)?
Rumenitis
If lutalyse is given to a cow at the begining of diestrus, what will occur?
Corpus luteum is destroyed, returns to proestrus
Where are the gonadotropins produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
A feedlot steer is found laterally recumbent and is noted to have a dorsomedial strabismus, what is affecting the steer?
Polioencephalomalacia
What hormone increases during metestrus?
Progesterone
