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VHS 350 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are ruminants different?

A

Their 4 chambered stomach gives them the ability to utilize fibrous feeds.

-Low energy feed can be converted to VFAs -Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

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2
Q

What biological priorities should be considered when choosing ratios for your cows?

A
  1. Maintenance 2.Growth 3. Milk, Production 4. Reproduction
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3
Q

What do CP, DM, NEM, TEN, stand for?

A

CP: Crude Protein DM: Dry Matter NEM: Net Energy Metabolized

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4
Q

What do nutrition requirements depend on?

A

-Stage of Production -Body Condition -Biological Types

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5
Q

What is the most critical period of nutrition for a cow?

A

Early lactation

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6
Q

Early Lactation

A

-Most critical period -Required intake; 1.7-2.5% BW of DM -9-10% CP -Stress of calving and environment can be hard on the cow

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7
Q

What does the cow have the lowest energy needs?

A

Mid Lactation/gestation: After the calf is weaned ~ 7 moths after calving, she should be bread back. Mommas are given a lot of feed to replenish body condition

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8
Q

What is the second most critical nutritional period for cows?

A

Late gestation because they she is getting ready to produce a lot of milk

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9
Q

Late gestation

A

Cows should be at adequate 5-6 BCS. Greatest fetal growth and development occurs. Requirements: 14% Energy increase. 20% CP Increase. Mid Gestation requirements: 1.5-2lb High protein supplement. Need more protein because calf is growing.

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10
Q

During what stage of lactation can milk fever be seen?

A

During early lactation

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11
Q

Early Lactation in Heifers

A

Yearling heifers require 11-12 % CP because they are growing and lactating Heifers have a decreased DM intake 1-2 weeks post partum

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12
Q

Average DM intake for BCS

A

Fleshly cows: 1.5lb/100 of BW Average cows: 1.75lb/100 of BW Thin cows: 2-2.5lb/100 of BW

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13
Q

Biological type influence

A

Maintenance and lactation requirements increase with body frame score and milk production It is influenced by breed, heterosis, and genetic potential.

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14
Q

Other nutritional requirements depend on…

A

Sex Age Weather Physical activity Bad weather=energy demand increases

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15
Q

BCS

A

Ideal: 5-6 Preferred: 5 Better condition = higher fertility BCS of 1 won’t have enough energy to cycle BCS of 9 will cycle but may not breed, may have dystocia issues

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16
Q

Young bull nutrition is aimed at?

A

Growth and development Usually would need to thin out to breed effectively when it matures

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17
Q

Bull (young) testing and nutrition

A

Bull tests use concentrate-based rations. Low roughage and energy rich that pushes for overall growth and condition Bull may need a few weeks to readjust rumen flora after bull test Overgrown hooves and ruminitis can be a risk of bull test.

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18
Q

Bull nutrition outside of test

A

Ration will be similar to what cows are getting More forage, high roughages, low concentrates Bull may need to be fed back to good BCS for breeding because he will require a lot of energy and could lose a lot of weight during breeding season.

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19
Q

Correlation between fertility and BCS

A

Cows are more fertile on first cycle and bulls are more fertile for BSE if close to ideal body condition

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20
Q

Feed Classifications (3)

A
  1. Roughages 2. Concentrates 3. Supplements
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21
Q

Roughages

A

High fiber content, low digestible nutrients Ex: Fescue, timothy, clover, oat hay, orchard.

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22
Q

Stored roughages

A

Ex: Baled hay, silage, straw Hay: adequate to marginal for energy and Protein Legume: High in protein Silage: mid-high energy, low protein Straw: low energy, high fiber, low protein

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23
Q

Concentrates

A

Low fiber, high digestible nutrients Ex: oats, grains, corn, etc.

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24
Q

What grain is the standard for comparison because it is the most widely fed?

A

Corn -Easy to use -Not much protein -Small grains like barley and oats have 85-90% of the energy value of corn, and are higher in protein

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25
Q

Concentrates Protein feeds

A

Ex: Soybean meal, cottonseed meal, poultry litter, urea. -Soybean: primary for feed, high far, high protein -Cottonseed: lower protein than soy, higher energy and fiber if whole. Feed meals are easier to absorb than wholes

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26
Q

Molasses in Feed

A

They raise palatability and act as binding agent for mineral to make them yummy

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27
Q

Main feed-related diseases

A

Molybdenum toxicity Gossypol toxicity Botulism Aflatoxicosis

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28
Q

Molybdenum toxicity

A

It is seen in rough, starchy pastures high in molybdenum. Excess Molybdenum causes copper deficiency because it binds to copper in the body and depletes it of it. C/S: scours, rough coats, poor fertility rate Dx: enzyme assay of copper containing ceruloplasmin Tx: copper suplementation

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29
Q

Copper supplementation can cause what disease in sheep?

A

It can cause copper toxicosis in sheep

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30
Q

Gossypol Toxicity

A

Toxic ingredient in cotton plant, specifically the free form.

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31
Q

Gossypol Toxicity Tx:

A

C/S: Cardiopulmonary, hepatic, renal, reproductive Tx: Prevention is to not add too much cottonseed to feed Prolonged exposure causes anorexia, weight loss, decreased growth rate, increased susceptibility to stress in calves

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32
Q

Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum. Works on neurotransmitter junction. Prevents acetyl choline release in junction Tx: prevention, early detection can be treated Caused by dead animals being rolled up in hay (dead rats)

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33
Q

Aflatoxicosis

A

Toxic strain of Aspergillus flavus is Aspergillus parasitieus Acute toxicosis seen more commonly in calves C/S: (Acute) Anorexia, depression, hemorrhage and icterus (yellowing of skin) Control: Monitor feed storage for moisture content and presence of mold Comes from fungi, more common in calves. Target organ: The LIVER

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34
Q

Cotton

A

Whole: Protein

Hulled: Fiber

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of Eartern Feedlots?

A

They are characterized as “farmers feedlots”

Cattle purchased locally from Southeastern states

Smalles < 4000 head

Smaller workforce have a wide range of tasks.

Cattle are used to market the grain and forages produced at the farm.

Black hides are 1.5 c/lb more valuable

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36
Q

How do farmers feedlots tend to feed calves?

A

They tend to use higher roughage rations for longer periods of time.

They tend to have a “all natural herd” which is raised on pastrured.

They tend to feed dairy calves.

Turn inventoy only 1 per year

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37
Q

How are High Plains feedlots “commercial feedlots” characterized?

A

They tend to “custom” feed cattle for other owners (Tyson, McDonalds) or investors in addition to the cattle that they own.

10k to 30 or 40k head easily.

They prefer to feed yearling cattle for about 100-150 days.

Turn inventory 2-3 times per year.

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38
Q

What type of workforce do “factory farms” commercial feedlots, or high plains have?

A

Workforce has very especialized jobs.

Cattle buying/selling

Herd Health

Nutritionist

They tend to feed high concentrate rations.

May purchase all the feeds they use.

They can develop “least-cost” rations.

Gummy bear candy, bakery’s byproducts.

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39
Q

What are the goals of finishing cattle?

A

Increase marbling

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40
Q

What is marbling?

A

Intramuscular fat that increases taste and quality of cut/carcass

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41
Q

What kind of diet improves marbling and meat quality?

A

More concentrate diet

85% concentrate 15% other

When it is close to slaughter time: 90-10% ration

Faster gains will be seen on a concentrate diet.

However, cattle still needs fiber in diet.

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42
Q

What problems can arise from a high concentrate diet?

A

Acidosis

Ruminitis

Liver abscesses complex

Vena-cava thrombosis: bacteria invades vessel

Laminitis

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43
Q

What are the finishing goals?

A

Maintain health

Maximize growth

Increase feed efficiency

Attain carcass comp the market wants

Avoid excess fatness because it is trimmed/loss

Ideal: 28% body fat

Ideal BCS: 7

150 days to put a lot of weight on

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44
Q

What ages and sex of cattle do best in feedlots?

A

Gain weight best: yearlings (20-25% faster than weanlings)

Which age eats more: yearlings

Which age is more efficient: weanlings because they are putting on bone

Which age requires more time: weanlings

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45
Q

What age of cattle do feedlots prefer?

A

Yearlings (1-2 yrs old)

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46
Q

What sex does better, eats more, is more efficient on feed?

A

Steers do better (5%)

Steers eat 5-10% more

Steers are more efficient

Heifers are bought at lower price because they take more money to grow and feed than steers.

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47
Q

How can cattle more efficient growers?

A

Hormonal implants: improve DG (daily gain) by 5-10% and feed efficiency by 5-10%

Estrogen content is highest in cabbage and eggs oz/ng than implants (3.0 oz/1.2 ng).

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48
Q

What are Ionophores?

A

They are antibiotic like compunds which were first developed as coccidiostats in the poultry industry.

They function only on the rumen microflora and they do not enter the body tissue.

49
Q

How do Ionophores work with VFAs?

A

VFAs: Acetic Acid, Butyric Acid, Propionic Acid.

Ionophores increases propionic acid (proprionate), and decreases acetic acid (acetate).

Increases feed efficiency (ADG: average daily gain)

50
Q

Who inspects livestock during processing?

A

USDA Veterinarian inspector

51
Q

What are the three methods for immobilizing livestock for processing?

A

Mechanical: most common

Chemical

Electrical

52
Q

What act/year an book initiated the humane slaughter of livestock?

A

The 1958 Act, Jungle Book

Animal has to be rendered unconscious before slaughter

53
Q

USDA quality grades

A

A: < 30 mts

B: < 42 mts

C: < 72 mts

Based on age and marbling

54
Q

USDA Yield Grades

A

Yield 1, 3, or 5

2.8 = 2 no rounding

The lower the number the better

55
Q

Sheep products

A

Wool

Meat

56
Q

What are the types of wool that sheep maily produce?

A

Fine

Medium

Other: long fancy wool used for rugs

Angora wool for fancy clothing

57
Q

What are the categories and ages of meat (sheep)?

A

Lamb (<12 mts)

Yearling Lamb (<15mts)

Mutton (>15 mts)

58
Q

Goat Products

A

Meat

Milk

59
Q

How old are usually chevron kids?

A

6-9 mts old

50-60 lbs

60
Q

How old are cabrito kids?

A

4-8 wks old

Used in religious meals

Most tender. More tender than Chevron

61
Q

What is the primaty source of milk in the developing world?

A

Goat’s milk

62
Q

What s the hormone that controls reproduction in sheep?

A

Melatonin

63
Q

What type of reproduction do sheep have?

A

They are short day breeders

Start cycling in the fall when days are shorter

Pineal gland secretes melatonin

64
Q

How do sheep sense daylight?

A

It is sensed in the Pineal glad

Secretes melatonin

65
Q

What type of breeding do meat Goats have?

A

Polyestrus

Cycle every 21 days

66
Q

What type of breeding cycle do dairy goats have?

A

Seasonally Polyestrus

67
Q

What are the main differences in nutrition between sheep and goats?

A

Sheep are grazers

Goats are browser

68
Q

How do sheep like their grass?

A

6 inches and tender

Can meet their nutrient requirements from grass alone

69
Q

What do goats like to eat?

A

Brush

They like higher fiber

They can improve a pasture in 3-4 years

70
Q

How is wool different than fur?

A

It grows differently

71
Q

What is wool?

A

Staples

72
Q

What else besides sheep make wool?

A

Alpacas, llamas, Angora goats

73
Q

What are hairless sheep?

A

They are a cross between a Caribbean and meat breed

74
Q

Wool processing

A
  1. Wash fleece
  2. Sort wool
  3. Cord wool
  4. Comb wool
  5. spin wool
  6. Ply yarn
75
Q

Goat dairy production

A

Sought for perceived health benefits (not backed up by science) and its unique taste

It can be aromatic because goat browse eating aromatic bushes

Lactose in tolerant people can often drink goat milk without having problems

Goat milk has natural homoginazation

Candles, soaps, lotions, etc.

76
Q

What are the major dairy breeds in goats?

A

Nubian

Toggenburn

LaMancha

Oberhasil

Alpine

Saanen

77
Q

When is peak lactation for goats?

A

4-6 wks after birth

Early lactation

78
Q

Will goats get enough nutrition from forage?

A

No, they need supplementation

79
Q

What supplements do goats need?

A

Vitamin B

Calcium

Phosphorous

80
Q

What legumes can be fed to Goats to provide enough nutrition?

A

Clover, Alfalfa

Higher protein

Higher calcium

81
Q

Sheep meat production

A

It is mainly determined by age and degree of flank streaking

82
Q

What are the possible grades for lamb meat?

A

Prime

Choice

Good

Utility

Cull

83
Q

What are the three parameters to grade lamb?

A

Maturity

Flanking

Conformation

84
Q

What determine sheep meat quality?

A

99% by Age

1% Flank Streaking

More flank = better quality

Narrow body = young = better

Shorter and thicker = higher conforming

85
Q

How are the ribs of older animals?

A

Have flat and wide ribs

86
Q

How are the ribs of young animals?

A

Red and narrow ribs

87
Q

What age is a sheep with 2 break joints?

A

A young lamb

88
Q

What age is a sheep that has a break joint and a spool joint?

A

Older lamb to a yearling mutton

89
Q

What age is a sheep that has two spool joints?

A

Mutton

90
Q

Spool and break joints

A

Young = 3-8 mts

Breaks found in young animals

Spools found in older animals

91
Q

What are the aging terms associated with spool and break joints in sheep?

A

=Spool and break combination = yearling mutton

Two break joints = lamb/young

Two spool joints = mutton

92
Q

Do goat meat has an official grading system?

A

No, it does not

93
Q

What are the common grades for goat meat?

A

Grades 1-4

1 = best

4 = utility

Goats are not a common meat animal in the U.S

94
Q

What State has the most goats? Sheep? What State is second?

A

Texas is # 1 for goats and sheep

Tennessee is # 2

95
Q

How many teats do goats have?

A

2

96
Q

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis is caused by what vector?

A

face flies

97
Q

M. avium sub. paratuberculosis causes what disease?

A

Johne’s disease

98
Q

L. monocytogenes is the bacterial cause of what disease?

A

Circling disease

99
Q

What bacteria is transmitted by wildlife urine that can cause abotion storms or weak calves?

A

Leptospirosis spp.

100
Q

Easiest way to treat acetoanemia

A

Oral propylene glycol

101
Q

A decrease in fertelity, livability, and longevity is known as:

A

Inbreeding depression

102
Q

A cervical prolapse with no necrotic tissue present in considered what grade?

A

III

103
Q

What is the best treatment for Johne’s disease?

A

No treatment

104
Q

Secondary spermatic abnormalities occur where?

A

Epididymis

1st in testis

105
Q

Bacterial causes of BRD are P. multocida and

A

M. haemolytica

106
Q

In a rotational breeding system, mature cows are

A

placed in another breeding group with a new bull of a different breed

107
Q

3-methylindole is a natural byproduct that is pneumotoxic and causes what disease in cattle?

A

Fog fever

108
Q

Signs of lead poisoning

A

grinding teeth, having muscle tremors, violent convulsions

109
Q

Acetone breath is associated with?

A

Ketosis

110
Q

Calf presented with two rear limbs showing in the birth cannal

A

Posterior presentation

111
Q

A continous breeding system, is a system where?

A

Heifers are kept as replacements

112
Q

A feedlot producer most likely buy

A

yearling stock

113
Q

The ischemic disease that affects cattle, when exposed to an endophyte fungus is?

A

Fescue foot

114
Q

F. necrophorum, a normal flora of the rumen, causes what disease when exposed to a large amounts of concentrate ratios (simple carbs)?

A

Rumenitis

115
Q

If lutalyse is given to a cow at the begining of diestrus, what will occur?

A

Corpus luteum is destroyed, returns to proestrus

116
Q

Where are the gonadotropins produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

117
Q

A feedlot steer is found laterally recumbent and is noted to have a dorsomedial strabismus, what is affecting the steer?

A

Polioencephalomalacia

118
Q

What hormone increases during metestrus?

A

Progesterone

VHS 350 (4 decks)

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