Exam 3 Flashcards
The process of swallowing
Deglutition
Pharyngeal constrictor function
Propel bolus to esophagus
Hyoid bone function
Upward and forward movement to mechanically elevate larynx
Epiglottis function
- Retroflexes with laryngeal elevation and tongue retraction
- Covers/protects laryngeal vestibule
- directs bolus down lateral pharynx
Cricopharyngeus (CP) function
Pinches shut to separate pharynx from esophagus to prevent backflow
-pharyngeal plexus of CN 9 and 10
Transmit time of esophagus and what wave?
- 8- 20 sec
- peristaltic wave
What extends form the opening of larynx down to ventricular(false) vocal folds?
Laryngeal vestibule
What does the Medulla do?
- holds CN IX, X, XI, and XII
- central planner for the swallow reflex
Which cranial nerves does the Pons hold?
CN V and VII
What is involved in smell and tase drive appetite? Also, what receptors are for taste buds?
- gustation
- chemicoreceptors
Oral prep
- mastication
- bolus formation
- voluntary
Oral phase
- velar elevation
- involuntary
- ends when bolus contacts sensory receptors
Pharyngeal phase
- valves close
- laryngeal elevation
- epiglottic retroflextion
- base of tongue retraction
- reflex phase
Esophageal phase
Bolus moves efficiently from the UES through the esophagus and LES through a series of peristaltic contractions
Dysphasia
Impairment in chewing/ swallowing
Swallow assessment of dysphasia.
Swallow treatment
- clinical/ bedside swallow evaluation
- instrumental evaluation
- behavioral strategies
- diet modification
Videofluoroscopy (MBS)
- Define the abnormalities in anatomy and physiology
- identify dysphagia symptoms
- evaluated potential treatment
Videoendoscopy (FEES)
-endoscopic image of pharynx
Outer third of the outer ear
Cartilaginous tube
Middle third of the outer ear
Bony section of the temporal bone
Inner third of the outer ear
Isthmus is a narrow opening
What are the three occicles of the middle ear?
Malleus, incus, and stapes
What does the Eustachian tube do?
Drains fluid from middle ear when opened; articulates to nasal cavity
Muscles of the middle ear
Stapedeus = stapes
Tensor typani = malleus
Which cranial nerve runs through the middle ear?
CN VII
Perilymph fluid of inner ear
Fills bony labyrinth
Endolymph fluid of inner ear
Fills cochlear duct/ membrane
Which cranial nerve runs through the modiolus/ helicatrema
CN VIII- acoustic/ auditory nerve
What do the semicircular canals do?
Sensory organs for balancing, propriception, and movement
Where is the organ of Corti?
Found on basilar membrane (floor of cochlear duct)
What is the cilia and what receptor does it have?
- inner and outer hair cells
- mechanicoreceptors
Afferent
- Cochlear and vestibular ducts translate movement of cilia to CN VIII
- sensory input to brain
- hearing and balance/ movement
Efferent
- CV VIII also sends signal to cochlea and vestibular organs
- cilia stiffen to attenuate movement
Eating and sound organs constitute a ______________ of sound energy
Transducer
What is the auditory mechanism frequency range?
Around 10 octaves spanning 20-20,000Hz
What are the 3 impedance matching mechanisms that equal a gain of 31 dB?
- area ration provides a 25 dB gain
- level advantage provides a 2 dB gain
- bucking of TM provides a 4-6 dB gain
What does the inner ear do?
Performs frequency and temporal acoustic of incoming acoustical signal
Basilar membrane shape is affected by…?
Frequency and intensity
What causes excitation of outer hair cells? Inner hair cells?
- shearing effect on cilia
- fluid flow and endolymph turbulence
Action potential
Electrical reaction resulting from difference in hair and endolymph electrical charges
The frequency to which a neuron responds best
Characteristic frequency
When can we not perceive differences in pitch?
At increments below 5%
Core in the Heschl’s gyrus
- primary auditory area on brain
- receives input directly from medial geniculate
Belt in the Heschl’s gyrus
- seems responsive to sound in space
- associated with somatosensory input and frontal visual process
Parabelt in the Heschl’s gyrus
Integrated sound with visual input
What decodes pitch/ loudness and timing of sound?
Dorsal superior temporal gyrus (core)
Where are sounds integrated with phonological system?
Superior temporal sulcus
What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and how is it treated?
- provides patient with spinning perception that occurs suddenly relative to body position
- treated by epley maneuver by moving the crystals from the ampulla to the vestibule
