Exam 3 Flashcards
Glomerular filtration rate is increased by (select all that apply)
a. dilating the efferent arteriole
b. dilating the afferent arteriole
c. constricting the efferent arteriole
d. constricting the afferent arteriole
bc - dilating the afferent arteriole, constricting the efferent arteriole
The efferent pathway of the arterial baroreceptor pathway includes
a. neither hormones nor nerves
b. nerves
c. both hormones and nerves
d. hormones
c - both hormones and nerves
During expiration,
a. the absolute value of the elastic recoil of the lung equals the absolute value of the transpulmonary pressure
b. the absolute value of the elastic recoil of the lung is greater than the absolute value of the transpulmonary pressure.
c. the absolute value of the elastic recoil of the lung is less than the absolute value of the transpulmonary pressure.
b. the absolute value of the elastic recoil of the lung is greater than the absolute value of the transpulmonary pressure.
Which of the following proteins is a cofactor for clotting factor IX
Factor I
Factor II
Factor III
Factor V
Factor VII
Factor VIII
Factor X
Factor XI
Factor XII
Factor XIII
Factor VIII
During inspiration,
a. the absolute value of the elastic recoil of the chest wall is greater than the absolute value of the transmural pressure across the chest wall.
b. the absolute value of the elastic recoil of the chest wall equals the absolute value of the transmural pressure across the chest wall.
c. the absolute value of the elastic recoil of the chest wall is less than the absolute value of the transmural pressure across the chest wall.
a. the absolute value of the elastic recoil of the chest wall is greater than the absolute value of the transmural pressure across the chest wall.
Arterial PCO2 is a measure of
a. Both the concentration of carbon dioxide and the pressure exerted by carbon dioxide in arterial blood
b. The concentration of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
c. The pressure exerted by carbon dioxide in the arterial blood
b. The concentration of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
Juan and Dametria and both breathing with a tidal volume of 500 ml and a frequency of 12 breaths/minute. Juan doubles his tidal volume while halving his frequency, while Dametria halves her tidal volume while doubling her frequency. Who has decreased his or her alveolar ventilation?
a. neither of them
b. Juan
c. dametria
d. both of them
c. Dametria
In healthy people, what limits their aerobic capacity?
a. cardiac output
b. alveolar ventilation
a. CO
Given the following, what is the ejection fraction in percent (not decimal, number only)?
End-Diastolic Volume = 250ml
End-Systolic Volume = 150ml
40
Shear stress in arteries increases the production of (select all that apply)
a. endothelin-1
b. vasopressin
c. prostacyclin
d. angiotensin II
e. epinephrine
f. tromboxane A2
g. nitric oxide
cg - prostacyclin and nitric oxide
Hyperventilation is defined as
a. An arterial PCO2 level less than 40 mmHg
b. An arterial PO2 level greater than 100 mmHg
c. An arterial PCO2 level greater than 40 mmHg
d. An arterial PO2 level less than 100 mmHg
An arterial PCO2 level less than 40 mmHg
Around the normal range, chemoreceptors are more sensitive to
a. blood CO2 levels
b. Blood O2 Levels
a. blood CO2 levels
What hormone is the primary regulator of potassium balance in healthy people?
a. aldosterone b vitamin D c. epinephrine d. atrial natriuretic factor e. erythropoietin f. parathyroid hormone g. cortisol h. vasopressin
a. aldosterone
Which of the following would cause the greatest increase in vasopressin secretion?
a. Increasing mean arterial pressure by 2 mmHg
b. Increasing body osmolarity by 2 mOsm
c. Decreasing body osmolarity by 2 mOsm
d. Decrease mean arterial pressure by 2 mmHg
b. increasing body osmolarity by 2 mOsm
If lung compliance is too low,
a.Both expiration and inspiration are more difficult
b,Both expiration and inspiration are easier
c. Inspiration is more difficult and expiration is easier
d. Expiration is more difficult and inspiration is easier
c.Inspiration is more difficult and expiration is easier
T or F The intrapleural pressure is always negative in normal breathing.
True
The liver makes most of the proteins in the blood. In some liver diseases, the liver production of protein decreases. In this case you would expect,
a. more absorption into capillaries
b. more filtration out of capillaries
c. no change in the filtration out of nor the absorption into capillaries
b. more filtration out of capillaries
In response to low oxygen concentrations, pulmonary arterioles
a. vasoconstrict
b. vasodilate
a. vasoconstrict
Generally, at least on the short-term, it is more important for the kidney to maintain the extracellular amount of _______________ at the normal value.
a. Na+
b. K+
b. K+
Pressure is higher
a. in the abdominal cavity
b. in the thoracic cavity
a. in the abdominal cavity
As filtrate travels down the descending loop of Henle, its osmolarity
a. decreases
b. stays the same
c. increases
c. increases
T or F Surfactant increase the compliance of the lung.
True
What protein does oxygen bind to in the blood?
hemoglobin
According to the equation for bulk flow in the pulmonary system, positive flow is
a. expiration
b. inspiration
a. expiration
Because of the blood-brain-barrier, the brain can regulate the passage of __________________ from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid.
a. both lipid- and water-soluble substances
b. lipid-soluble substances
c. water-soluble substances
c. water- soluble substances
Why does blood flow to the skin increase during exercise
a. Increased sympathetic activity to the skin vasculature
b. Increased parasympathetic activity to the skin vasculature
c. Flow autoregulation
d. Increase prostacyclin release
e. Decreased parasympathetic activity to the skin vasculature
f. Active hyperemia
g. Decreased sympathetic activity to the skin vasculature
h. Decreased endothelin-1 release
i. reactive hyperemia
j. Increased nitric oxide release
g. Decreased sympathetic activity to the skin vasculature
Given the following:
Urine collection time: 3 hours and 20 minutes
Urine volume: 400 ml
Urine inulin concentration: 260 mg/ml
Urine para-aminohippurate concentration: 1g/ml
Plasma inulin concentration: 4 mg/ml
Plasma para-aminohippurate concentration: 4 mg/ml
What is the glomerular filtration rate? (don’t forget units)
130 ml/min
Given the following:
milli (m) = 10-3, micro (μ) = 10-6, nano (n) = 10-9
Glomerular filtration rate = normal average
Urine collection time: 3 hours and 20 minutes
Urine volume: 400 ml
Urine hydrogen concentration: 1 μM
Plasma free hydrogen concentration: 4 nM
What is the clearance of hydrogen? (don’t forget units) [A]
Is hydrogen netly secreted, reabsorbed or neither? [B]
Does this person most likely consume a high or low protein diet? [C]
A. 5oo ml/min
b. secreted
c. high
Which is more compliant?
a. the lung
b. the chest wall
a. the lung
Given the following, what is the filtered load of substance X, assuming X is freely filtered? (don’t forget units)
GFR = 115 ml/min
Plasma concentration of X = 5 mg/ml
Time for urine collection = 1 hour 40 minutes
Urine volume = 200 ml
Urine concentration of X = 10 mg/ml
575 mg/min
What is the rate-limiting step in the creation of angiotensin II?
a. The converstion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
b. The conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
c. The production of angiotensinogen
b. The conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Which of the following is NOT a function of the pulmonary system?
a. Regulating acid-base balance
b. Helping in the production of angiotensin II
c. All of these are functions of the pulmonary system
d. Defense against pathogens
e. Trapping blood clots
c. All of these are functions of the pulmonary system
What are the primary chemicals reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle?
chloride
amino acids
vitamins
sodium
calcium
water
potassium
glucose
phosphate
Chloride, Sodium, Potassium
Which receptor is in the heart for the sympathetic nervous system?
beta 1
Normal resting expiration requires the contraction of (select all that apply)
a. None of these muscles
b. Diaphragm
c. External intercostal muscles
d. Internal intercostal muscles
e. Abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, internal and external abdominal obliques and transversus abdominis)
a. none of these muscles
According to the Law of Laplace, if surface tension were the same in all alveoli, only the __________________ alveoli would inflate.
a. largest
b. smallest
a. largest
What hormone is the primary regulator of sodium balance in healthy people?
a. cortisol
b. vitamin D
c. erythropoietin
d. aldosterone
e. atrial natriuretic factor
f. epinephrine
g. parathyroid hormone
h. vasopressin
d. aldoesterone
Given the following:
Glomerular filtration rate = normal average
Urine collection time: 3 hours and 20 minutes
Urine volume: 400 ml
Urine potassium concentration: 50mM
Plasma potassium concentration: 5mM
What is the clearance of potassium? (don’t forget units) [A]
Is potassium netly secreted, reabsorbed or neither? [B]
A. 20 ml/min
b. reabsorbed
What protein does H+ bind to in the blood?
hemoglobin
Consuming which of the following would cause the greatest increase in plasma volume?
a. half a bag of potato chips
b. a liter of water
a. half a bag of potato chips
Red blood cells are little bags of ______________________ . (what protein)
hemoglobin
T or F The reabsorption of bicarbonate ion from the filtrate involves the production of carbonic acid in the tubule.
True
Hemoglobin has its highest affinity for oxygen when PO2 values are between
a. 0-10 mmHg
b. 10-50 mmHg
c. 50-75 mmHg
d. 75-100 mmHg
b. 10-50 mmHg
If a person is diving with a tank of normal air, and the pressure in the water the person is in is 1500 mmHg (this will be the pressure of air in the tank), what is the partial pressure of oxygen, in mmHg, in this person’s trachea during mid-inspiration?
305.13
Chemoreceptors synapse in the
a. dorsal respiratory group
b. apneustic center
c. pneumotaxic center
d. ventral respiratory group
a. dorsal respiratory group
Which channel in nodal cells brings the cell to threshold (just before the action potential)?
a. the F-type cation channel
b. The T-type calcium channel
c. The inward-rectifying potassium channel
d. The L-type calcium channel
b. The T-type Ca++ Channel
T or F In a healthy person at sea level, breathing 100% oxygen (for example, at an oxygen bar), would significantly increase the amount of oxygen in that person’s blood.
False
Bronchoconstriction can be induced by
a. Low PCO2 levels
b. High PO2 levels
c. Low PO2 levels
d. High PCO2 levels
a. Low PCO2 levels
