Exam 1 Flashcards
T or F Calcium must enter the cell through L-type Ca++ C in order for ryanodine receptors to open in cardiomyocytes
True
T or F Contraction of the papillary muscles opens the AV valves
False
T or F In response to a single AP in a cardiomyocyte, enough Ca+ enters the cytoplasm to completely saturate troponin
False
T or F Mean arterial pressure = DP + 1/3 PP is a deterministic Eq In physiology
False
T or F Normally, at rest, it takes about one minute to circulate the entire blood volume through the cardiovascular system
True
T or F The B2 adrenergic receptor can be present in the sympathetic synapses on vascular smooth muscle
False
T or F The function of the heart requires that cardiomyocytes do NOT develop tetanus
True
T or F The time between the QRS complex on an ECG and the first heart sound should be very consistent
True
A wave of depolarization moving towards the positive electrode would cause a(n) (Upward/Downward) deflection on an ECG
upward
A wave of repolarization moving towards the negative electrode would cause a(n) (Upward/Downward) deflection on an ECG
upward
Increased Venous return would ? CO
Increase CO
Most of the blood enters the ventricle during the (first/second) half of ventricular filling
first half
The higher the resistance in the arterioles, the (higher/lower) the pressure in the arteries
higher the pressure
The inactivation gate of the fast voltage-gated Na+ channel opens in response to (repol/depol)
repolerization
The left ventricle is (more/less) complaint than the right ventricle
less
The less compliant an artery is the (higher/lower) the pulse pressure
higher PP
The systolic pressure in the arteries occurs during …
systole
Assuming no change in venous return, an increase in contractility would, after a few beats, result in a (decrease/increase/no change) in end-diastolic ventricular volume
A decrease in EDV
Increasing arterial compliance (decrease/increase/no change) in MAP
no change in MAP
The average hematocrit is (the same/higher/lower) in men than in women
higher in men
Starling’s law of the hear affects …
a. HR
b. Parasymp activity
c. SV
d. symp activity
c - Stroke Volume
Systole is marked by …
the closure of the AV valves
The first heart sound is due to …
The closure of the AV valves
Veins, by definition …
carry blood towards the heart
Which channel in nodal cells brings the cell to threshold (just before the AP)?
the T-type Ca++ channel
During exercise, cardiac output can increase up to x fold
7 fold
Of the following, which are the most numerous in the blood?
a. Gases
b. ions
c. nutrients
d. proteins
e. waste products
b -ions
What causes the F-type cation channel to open
Hyperpolarization
Which of the following refers to the ventricular relaxation?
a. Diastole
b. p wayve
c. QRS complex
d. systole
e. T wave
a - diastole
Penile arterioles are innervated by …
symp nerves releasing NO
The upswing of the cardiomycocyte AP is due to …
fast-voltage gated Na+ channels
The upswing of the nodal action potential is due to …
L-type Ca++ channels
What causes the sinoatrial node to be the normal pacemaker of the heart?
The cells having the highest concentration of F-type cation channels
Resistance to blood flow is determined by … (circle all that apply)
a. Blood flow
b. Differences in pressure between two points in the cardiovascular tree
c. The friction the blood experiences
d. The length of the blood vessel
cd - friction and length
Which local control mechanisms involve, at least in part, a decrease in oxygen levels?
a. Active hyperemia
b. flow autoregulation
c. reactive hyperemia
d. response to injury
abc
Which channels are present in cardiomyocytes, but not nodal cells?
Fast voltage-gated Na++ cells
Which channels are present in nodal cells, but not cardiomyocytes?
F-type cation channels and T-type Ca++ channels
PKA can phosphorylate which of the following proteins?
a. Ca pumps
b. Calreticulin
c. Fast-voltage gated sodium channels
d. F-type cation channels
e. Ryanodine receptors
f. Slow voltage-gated K+ channels
g. Sodium-potassium pumps
h. T-type Ca++ channels
a,d,f,g : Ca++ Pumps, F-type cat, L-type Ca++, ryanodine receptors
The parasympathetic nervous system acts in the heart to ….
Decrease the permeability of the F-type cation channel and increase the permeability of the inward-rectifying K+ channel
Match the hormone or paracrine factor with whether it is a a) vasoconstrictor, b) vasodilator, or c) both
a. Angiotensin II
b. Endothelin-I
c. Epinephrine
d. NO
e. Prostacyclin
f. Vasopressin
a, a, c, b, b, a
Given the following, what is the ejection fraction in percent? EDV: 200m ESV: 50ml
75%
EF = (SV/EDV)
What is the deterministic equation for change in pressure?
Change in pressure = change in volume / compliance
What is the deterministic eq for bulk flow
Flow = change in pressure / resistance
What three variables determine arterial pulse pressure?
SV, speed of ejection, and arterial compliance
Which receptor is in the heart for the sympathetic nervous system?
beta 1 adrenergic receptor
Draw the pressure curves for the left ventricle, left atrium, and aorta throughout the cardiac cycle.
Look at diagram
