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BIOL 207 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Balance & Equilibrium

A

light from the sun carries it to earth, warming it up. Some of the excess energy escapes into space. If energy in = energy out, earth is at equilibrium

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2
Q

Albedo

A

percentage of solar radiation reflected back into space by an object or surface

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3
Q

Land & Ocean Albedo

A

low albedos, they absorb a lot - 0.1-0.4

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4
Q

Snow & Ice Albedo

A

high albedos, they reflect a lot - 0.7-0.9

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5
Q

Earth’s Average Albedo

A

0.3 or 30%

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6
Q

Greenhouse gasses

A

the atmosphere allows sunlight in, but prevents heat from escaping
Nitrogen and Oxygen are the two main gases in our atmospheres, but they don’t warm it.
Greenhouse gasses are water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide

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7
Q

Industrial Age

A

has contributed to our pollution through natural gas, coal and oil

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8
Q

In the Past

A

volcanic eruptions used to cause so much carbon dioxide that it reached concentrations 400x hotter than now, but life always survived

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9
Q

Atmospheric layers

A 
Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
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10
Q

Without gasses, the Earth’s surface would be ______ cooler

A

59 degrees

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11
Q

Earth, Venus, Mars

A

Earth’s atmosphere has only a little amount of CO2: 387ppm, atmosphere is thicker and denser than mars, but not as thick as Venus

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12
Q

Methane traps ____ as much energy as CO2

A

8x

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13
Q

Ozone layer

A

only contributes 3%-7% of greenhouse gasses

Blocks UV light, w/out it we couldn’t live here

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14
Q

CFC (chlorofluorocarbons)

A

coolants in refridgerators and air conditioners responsible for depletion of ozone layer

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15
Q

Human Activities that Produce Greenhouse Gases

A

burning fossil fuels, breathing, livestock

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16
Q

Offset Gases by

A

electric cars, less deforestation and using selective cutting instead, forest fires

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17
Q

Trees Burning Produces

A

lots of CO2

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18
Q

Anthropogenic methane

A

much of it comes from waste and decay in our landfill, human waste and sewage breaks down into methane
manure from chickens, pigs, cattle, and sheep account for 37% of all human-related methane

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19
Q

Nonhuman sources of Greenhouse Gases

A

molten rock and magma are rich in CO2, bacteria, frozen soil in the artic

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20
Q

Alternate energy sources

A

dams, windmills, solar panels, windmills, wave power station

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21
Q

Carbon capture and sequestration

A

photosynthesis, business factory offsets, preserving forests, some trees don’t produce as much oxygen

22
Q

Biofuels

A

made from plant products
CO2 burned in replaced w/plants
not carbon neutral

23
Q

Hunters & Gatherers

A

our ancestors got food by hunting for food
omnivores
only animal that practices agriculture
agriculture couldn’t develop until our ancestors had evolved to the point of having foresight and long term planning

24
Q

Theories

A
  1. Oasis Theory. climate became drier, causing suitable habitats to shrink, so people had to live closer together in the small areas that still had food plants
  2. In areas where cereal grains grew well natural, humans could settle in one spot and still have enough to eat, they did not have to move from place to place
  3. Even w/out climate change, human population became dense enough that more food was needed to prevent starvation. Pop densities tend to be lower in non ag. societies
25
Q

When did agriculture develop

A

several times in scattered areas 11,000 years ago in the fertile crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

26
Q

Agriculture and the Biosphere

A

timing of the earliest cities coincides with the retreat of glaciers in N. Eurasia and N. America, spread from Sumer to Nile river valley

27
Q

Current state of crops

A

wheat, corn, soybeans, potatoes, and sugarcane now occupy a large percentage of the land surface area. Farming and herding mean few natural areas are left

28
Q

Not-So-Awesome Side of Farming

A

presence of crops allows insects & other herbivores to expand their ranges
water becomes polluted from pesticides
large amount of food has allowed the pop to grow to 6.8 billion
human pop consumes resources
w/out ag there would be fewer ppl and less ecological damage

29
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

10,000 BCE, when humans discovered agriculture
allowed ppl to stop being nomadic and form permanent settlements
humans domesticated animals and plants for food
selective breeding for higher yield

30
Q

Pros

A

Controllable food supply
more food = more people
Ag creates permanent settlements

31
Q

Cons

A

We are vulnerable to environment (climate/weather can kill crops
sicknesses and diseases spread quickly
Agriculture negatively impacted our health

32
Q

Pre Agriculture

A

hunters & gatherers are nomadic & move frequently =fit
low carb, low sugar diet = good oral health and weight range
sparse and low pop. centers, low disease risk

33
Q

Post Agriculture

A

now we sit for 8+ hours a day = bad for health
high carb/high sugar diet
cavities, overweight
dense pop. centers = high rise of disease & illness

34
Q

Modern Agriculture

A 
crop fields, diversified by crops
cattle grass, oats for horses
herbs & spices
cotton & flax = cloth
tree farms
orchards
ranches for cattle
forestry: cutting trees for lumber
hydroponically: cultivation
35
Q

Organic vs. Conventional farming

A

organic means no synthetic chemicals can be used
crop must be cultivated on land, not treated w/chemicals for at least 3 years
conventional farming, manufactures artificial fertilizers
pesticide and herbicides

36
Q

Selective Breeding

A

artificial selection, the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular traits

37
Q

Seed Banks

A

stores seeds preserve genetic diversity; hence there is a type of gene bank
sharing seeds help plant breeders increase yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutritional quality

38
Q

Plant defenses that have developed give us

A

unique compounds

39
Q

We use synthetic chem to create

A

new medicines from plants

40
Q

Modern medicine uses at least ____ different plants

A

72

41
Q

Plant medicine can be used:

A

topically, as tea, ingested whole, or extracted and purified into pills/medicines

42
Q

Medicinal Plants

A

plants contain numerous undiscovered chemicals that promote good health
rather than trying to isolate one or two specific compounds, it is best to use the whole plant, unrefined as a functional food or medicinal food

43
Q

Tea & Coffee

A

require little processing
chemicals exert strong effects on us
caffeine stimulates our central nervous system, quickens reaction time, relieves tiredness
tea has more caffeine than coffee, but we drink it in lower concentrations

44
Q

Cola comes from

A

kola nut

45
Q

Alcohol

A

a depressant that slows our reaction speed, high concentrations of ethanol in our blood interferes w/coordination and can be fatal when BAC levels reach 0.4% climate impacts flavor of wines

46
Q

Psychoactive Plants

A 
tobacco- produces nicotine
Marijuana - cannabis
Opium - morphine, popyseed, heroin
coca plants - cocaine
Peyote - cacti hallucinogen
47
Q

Plant-Derived Medicines

A

Aloe vera
asprin
cephaelis
Vinblastine

48
Q

Newly Discovered Plant-Derived Drugs

A

years of testing are required before approved for human use
process begins w/screening of extracts of thousands of species for some indication of beneficial biological activity
compounds are extracted using oils, alcohols, or water
beneficial compounds may be extracted with a toxic one
only 5 have been approced since 2001

49
Q

Plants Discussed in Class

A 
Aloe Vera
Willow Trees - Asprin
Chinchona Trees - Quinine (malaria)
Atropa Plants - Atropine (anesthetic)
Purple Foxglove - irregular heartbeat
Mayapple - cancer, malaria, psoriasis
50
Q

Air Capture

A

Bill Gates’s plant sucks CO2 out of the atmosphere -the work of 40 million trees

BIOL 207 (5 decks)

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