Exam 1 Flashcards
Onion cells vs. Elodea Cells
Elodea cells have chloroplasts but onion cells do not because they grow underground
Why are plants important:
Without them, life could not be sustained. There would not be enough oxygen. No animal or fungus performs photosynthesis. They protect us, impact us psychologically, and make us happy
Plants provide:
Oxygen, energy, atoms, food
3 Types of Organisms
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea. Both single celled and microscopic, but Archaea are only in acidic/hot environments.
Eukaryotes
Has a nucleus. Includes animals, plants, algae, animals, fungi, and microscopic organisms.
Major Types of Plants
Flowering plants Conifers Cycads Ferns Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Green Algae
Charophyta; group of organisms most closely related to plants.
Bryophytes
Plants w/no vascular tissue and no seeds. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Vascular Plants:
Have vascular tissue which conduct water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another. Ferns, Seed Plants
Ferns & Fern Allies
have vascular tissue but don’t make seeds in sexual reproduction
Seed plants
plants that do make seeds in sexual reproduction. Cycads, Conifers, and Angiosperms
Cycads
sago palms. Only survive where winters are mild. produce seeds that resemble cones, but aren’t closely related to conifers.
Conifers
pines, spruces, firs, and relatives. long lived trees, no leaves. vascular plants that produce seeds. produce cones instead of flowers.
Angiosperms
flowering plants. Most abundant of plants. food, spice, medicinal, crop, ornamental. Pollen carries sperm cells. Other parts of the flower have egg cells. Fruit bearing. All have vascular tissues.
Why algae are not plants
They produce food through photosynthesis, but they lack roots, stems, and leaves.
Ferns
Large leaves subdivided into many parts. Produce spores instead of seeds.
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts (Bryophytes)
Tiny plants with fewer tissues and organs than all other plants. No vascular tissue. No seeds, cones, or flowers. Many do not have leaves, roots, or stems.
Non Vascular Plants
Ferns and Bryophytes
Not plants
fungi, coral, algae, lichens
Mutualism
both members benefit
Commensalism
one member benefits, the other is unaffected
Competition
both members are harmed
Predation
one member is harmed, the other benefits
Proximal
close to center
Distal
close to roots and leaves
Leaf functions
obtain energy and building materials.
Foliage leaves
absorb CO2 and convert it to sugar using the energy of sunlight. Sugar is transported from leaves through phloem to stems, roots, flowers, etc.
Phloem
vascular transport tissue that transports sugars throughout the plant, especially to the stem
Xylem
vascular transport tissue that transports water and minerals one way.
Petiole
the stalk that holds the leaf blade away from the stem so that it is not shaded by the leaves above it
simple leaves
the blade consists of one piece
compound leaves
the blade has several leaflets
palmately compound
leaflets arise from a common point
pinnately compound
leaflets arise at several locations along an elongate axis (the rachis)
Monocots
parallel veins, one seed embryo
Dicots
netted veins, 2 seed embryos
Leaf arrangements
Alternate, Opposite, Whorled
Deciduous plants
have a controlled death for leaves - leaves fall off every year
Conifers
don’t drop their leaves/needles every year like deciduous trees.
Root systems
- support the shoot and hold soil together
- absorb water and minerals from the soil
- produce hormones necessary for shoot growth
Pros of Root systems
the plant is rooted firmly. leaves and flowers held high in proper position
Cons of root systems
plants are not mobile, they can’t flee from danger or move to a place with more resources
Root apical meristem
at the distal part of the narrow root that produces new root cells. The cells are younger at the tip of the root
Taproot
one main root
Fibrous root systems
composed of multiple smaller roots
Epiphytes
live on branches of trees
have gripping roots
often mini habitats for other animals
sepals
outermost, and enclose flower during development
petals
colorful, fragrant, attract pollinators
stamens
produce pollen (sperm)
carpels
in the center of the flower, produce the egg cells, develop into fruit
pollination
when sperm cells from the anther reach the stigma of another flower
seed dispersal
dispersed by animals eating them or getting them stuck on fur
Wind
wind carries pollen and disperses seeds
Plants vs. Animals
complex vs. simple
plants are stationary
absorb water and nutrients through roots. gather energy from the sun instead of eating it. we have a cns and skeleton. plants aren’t injured as easily
Annuals
automatically die while only a few months old
Perennials
life span depends on environmental conditions
Biennials
usually lives about two years and is dormant during winter
Juvenile phase
non-reproductive period. lasts a few days or weeks in annual plants. may last several years in perennials
Herbs
grows only through apical meristem
Woody plants
contain two additional meristems that produce additional cells: vascular cambium, cork cambium
Vascular cambium
produces xylem and phloem
Cork cambium
produce cork cells that cause bark to be waterproof
Protoplasm
composed of water, organic compounds, and mineral nutrients. is alive when its many complex chemical reactions are running properly
Cell fusion
two cells come together
Cell division
one cell splits into two
Cell wall
outermost organelle: surrounds and protects the rest of the cell
Primary cell wall
gives the cell its shape, controls size. Cellulose provides cell wall strength.
Secondary cell wall
less tough, produced after cell has grown to its proper size and shape
Fibers
provide flexible strength; they do not break when bent and flexed
Sclereids
provide inflexible strength. can be crushed or broken, made up of shells of hard seeds lie walnuts, coconut
Epidermis
forms the outermost surface of young plant organs. Just one single layer of cells.
Cuticle
thick, impermeable structure coating the epidermis. can be waxy, prevents water loss, also protects from infection by microbes and fungi. only on upper side of leaf so it doesn’t affect stomata
Stomata
stomatal pores + guard cells
trichomes
(tiny hairs) can prevent leaves from being sunburned or having chlorophyll damaged. can make it difficult for an herbivore to access the plant. can secrete defensive compounds. creates zone of calm air near leaf to facilitate gas exchange through stomata
Elastic strength
plants can be pulled into a new shape, but once you stop pulling, it returns to original size and shape
Root hairs
increase root’s ability to absorb water
Secondary xylem
wood
Secondary phloem
bark
Rings in a tree trunk
wood produced in springtime is earlywood, with wide vessels and less fibers. wood produced in summertime is latewood, which has more fibers and smaller vessels. slow and rapid growth related to seasons
Molecule
atoms combine together
Adhesion
sticking to things other than itself
Cohesion
sticking to itself
Hydrophobic
water fearing - oil
Hydrophilic
water loving - vinegar
Acids and bases
water is neutral
low ph vs. high
Limestone
is basic and can cause ground water to be basic
Soils
acidic bc of leaf litter, causing water to be acidic
Carbohydrates
organic compounds like sugars, starches, and cellulose
Monosaccharides
basic unit of simple sugars.
Disaccharides
two or more sugars
Polysaccharides
many sugars
Glucose
created by photosynthesis, starch is a polysaccharide that stores energy
Cellulose
polysaccharides
Amino acids
proteins made up of them. a molecule with an acid and a base
Lipids
fatty acids
Saturated Fat
straight molecule - BAD
Unsaturated Fat
has a kink, good for you
Molecules and heat
The hotter the material, the more rapidly the molecules move - gas
Diffusion
the movement of molecules from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area
Osmosis
the movement of water across a membrane from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area
Turgid
As water enters plant cells, particularly the vacuole, the cell swells up
Osmosis and plants
Guard cells fill with water into their vacuoles, and the stomatal pore opens, allowing gas exchange. Stomata typically only open at night
Consequences of Water Movement
Animals intake their water as a liquid or through their diet. Animals lose water through urine, sweat, or even as gas from when we exhale - we also lose minerals. Plants don’t use water in liquid form. They lose through transpiration.
Essential Element
- Element must be necessary for complete, normal plant development through a full life cycle
- There must be no substitute for the element
- The element must be acting within the plant, not outside it
Nitrogen
In the air in a form that plants can’t use. Plants use nitrogen-fixing bacteria to obtain nitrogen
Photosynthesis
- Special pigments capture light energy
- place that energy into molecules
- the energy-infused molecules carry it to places that need the energy
___,____, and ____ are supplied by photosynthesis
energy, carbon, and electrons
Autotrophs
feed themselves
Heterotrophs
must obtain energy, carbon, and electrons by eating foods that contain them
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis brings in energy, carbon, and electrons, but only makes glucose. Respiration takes glucose and converts it to dozens of other compounds.
Storing energy
plants store energy in fruits and veggies. Seeds need enough energy to germinate a plant w/out sunlight.
True or false? We get nutrients from chewing seeds?
true
Light reactions
H20 -> O2
CO2 -> glucose
Fermentation
anaerobic respiration
