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BIOL 207 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Onion cells vs. Elodea Cells

A

Elodea cells have chloroplasts but onion cells do not because they grow underground

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2
Q

Why are plants important:

A

Without them, life could not be sustained. There would not be enough oxygen. No animal or fungus performs photosynthesis. They protect us, impact us psychologically, and make us happy

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3
Q

Plants provide:

A

Oxygen, energy, atoms, food

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4
Q

3 Types of Organisms

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and Archaea. Both single celled and microscopic, but Archaea are only in acidic/hot environments.

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6
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Has a nucleus. Includes animals, plants, algae, animals, fungi, and microscopic organisms.

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7
Q

Major Types of Plants

A 
Flowering plants
Conifers
Cycads
Ferns
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
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8
Q

Green Algae

A

Charophyta; group of organisms most closely related to plants.

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9
Q

Bryophytes

A

Plants w/no vascular tissue and no seeds. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

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10
Q

Vascular Plants:

A

Have vascular tissue which conduct water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another. Ferns, Seed Plants

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11
Q

Ferns & Fern Allies

A

have vascular tissue but don’t make seeds in sexual reproduction

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12
Q

Seed plants

A

plants that do make seeds in sexual reproduction. Cycads, Conifers, and Angiosperms

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13
Q

Cycads

A

sago palms. Only survive where winters are mild. produce seeds that resemble cones, but aren’t closely related to conifers.

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14
Q

Conifers

A

pines, spruces, firs, and relatives. long lived trees, no leaves. vascular plants that produce seeds. produce cones instead of flowers.

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15
Q

Angiosperms

A

flowering plants. Most abundant of plants. food, spice, medicinal, crop, ornamental. Pollen carries sperm cells. Other parts of the flower have egg cells. Fruit bearing. All have vascular tissues.

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16
Q

Why algae are not plants

A

They produce food through photosynthesis, but they lack roots, stems, and leaves.

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17
Q

Ferns

A

Large leaves subdivided into many parts. Produce spores instead of seeds.

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18
Q

Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts (Bryophytes)

A

Tiny plants with fewer tissues and organs than all other plants. No vascular tissue. No seeds, cones, or flowers. Many do not have leaves, roots, or stems.

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19
Q

Non Vascular Plants

A

Ferns and Bryophytes

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20
Q

Not plants

A

fungi, coral, algae, lichens

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

both members benefit

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22
Q

Commensalism

A

one member benefits, the other is unaffected

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23
Q

Competition

A

both members are harmed

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24
Q

Predation

A

one member is harmed, the other benefits

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25
Q

Proximal

A

close to center

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26
Q

Distal

A

close to roots and leaves

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27
Q

Leaf functions

A

obtain energy and building materials.

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28
Q

Foliage leaves

A

absorb CO2 and convert it to sugar using the energy of sunlight. Sugar is transported from leaves through phloem to stems, roots, flowers, etc.

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29
Q

Phloem

A

vascular transport tissue that transports sugars throughout the plant, especially to the stem

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30
Q

Xylem

A

vascular transport tissue that transports water and minerals one way.

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31
Q

Petiole

A

the stalk that holds the leaf blade away from the stem so that it is not shaded by the leaves above it

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32
Q

simple leaves

A

the blade consists of one piece

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33
Q

compound leaves

A

the blade has several leaflets

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34
Q

palmately compound

A

leaflets arise from a common point

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35
Q

pinnately compound

A

leaflets arise at several locations along an elongate axis (the rachis)

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36
Q

Monocots

A

parallel veins, one seed embryo

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37
Q

Dicots

A

netted veins, 2 seed embryos

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38
Q

Leaf arrangements

A

Alternate, Opposite, Whorled

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39
Q

Deciduous plants

A

have a controlled death for leaves - leaves fall off every year

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40
Q

Conifers

A

don’t drop their leaves/needles every year like deciduous trees.

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41
Q

Root systems

A
  1. support the shoot and hold soil together
  2. absorb water and minerals from the soil
  3. produce hormones necessary for shoot growth
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42
Q

Pros of Root systems

A

the plant is rooted firmly. leaves and flowers held high in proper position

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43
Q

Cons of root systems

A

plants are not mobile, they can’t flee from danger or move to a place with more resources

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44
Q

Root apical meristem

A

at the distal part of the narrow root that produces new root cells. The cells are younger at the tip of the root

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45
Q

Taproot

A

one main root

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46
Q

Fibrous root systems

A

composed of multiple smaller roots

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47
Q

Epiphytes

A

live on branches of trees
have gripping roots
often mini habitats for other animals

48
Q

sepals

A

outermost, and enclose flower during development

49
Q

petals

A

colorful, fragrant, attract pollinators

50
Q

stamens

A

produce pollen (sperm)

51
Q

carpels

A

in the center of the flower, produce the egg cells, develop into fruit

52
Q

pollination

A

when sperm cells from the anther reach the stigma of another flower

53
Q

seed dispersal

A

dispersed by animals eating them or getting them stuck on fur

54
Q

Wind

A

wind carries pollen and disperses seeds

55
Q

Plants vs. Animals

A

complex vs. simple
plants are stationary
absorb water and nutrients through roots. gather energy from the sun instead of eating it. we have a cns and skeleton. plants aren’t injured as easily

56
Q

Annuals

A

automatically die while only a few months old

57
Q

Perennials

A

life span depends on environmental conditions

58
Q

Biennials

A

usually lives about two years and is dormant during winter

59
Q

Juvenile phase

A

non-reproductive period. lasts a few days or weeks in annual plants. may last several years in perennials

60
Q

Herbs

A

grows only through apical meristem

61
Q

Woody plants

A

contain two additional meristems that produce additional cells: vascular cambium, cork cambium

62
Q

Vascular cambium

A

produces xylem and phloem

63
Q

Cork cambium

A

produce cork cells that cause bark to be waterproof

64
Q

Protoplasm

A

composed of water, organic compounds, and mineral nutrients. is alive when its many complex chemical reactions are running properly

65
Q

Cell fusion

A

two cells come together

66
Q

Cell division

A

one cell splits into two

67
Q

Cell wall

A

outermost organelle: surrounds and protects the rest of the cell

68
Q

Primary cell wall

A

gives the cell its shape, controls size. Cellulose provides cell wall strength.

69
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

less tough, produced after cell has grown to its proper size and shape

70
Q

Fibers

A

provide flexible strength; they do not break when bent and flexed

71
Q

Sclereids

A

provide inflexible strength. can be crushed or broken, made up of shells of hard seeds lie walnuts, coconut

72
Q

Epidermis

A

forms the outermost surface of young plant organs. Just one single layer of cells.

73
Q

Cuticle

A

thick, impermeable structure coating the epidermis. can be waxy, prevents water loss, also protects from infection by microbes and fungi. only on upper side of leaf so it doesn’t affect stomata

74
Q

Stomata

A

stomatal pores + guard cells

75
Q

trichomes

A

(tiny hairs) can prevent leaves from being sunburned or having chlorophyll damaged. can make it difficult for an herbivore to access the plant. can secrete defensive compounds. creates zone of calm air near leaf to facilitate gas exchange through stomata

76
Q

Elastic strength

A

plants can be pulled into a new shape, but once you stop pulling, it returns to original size and shape

77
Q

Root hairs

A

increase root’s ability to absorb water

78
Q

Secondary xylem

A

wood

79
Q

Secondary phloem

A

bark

80
Q

Rings in a tree trunk

A

wood produced in springtime is earlywood, with wide vessels and less fibers. wood produced in summertime is latewood, which has more fibers and smaller vessels. slow and rapid growth related to seasons

81
Q

Molecule

A

atoms combine together

82
Q

Adhesion

A

sticking to things other than itself

83
Q

Cohesion

A

sticking to itself

84
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water fearing - oil

85
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving - vinegar

86
Q

Acids and bases

A

water is neutral

low ph vs. high

87
Q

Limestone

A

is basic and can cause ground water to be basic

88
Q

Soils

A

acidic bc of leaf litter, causing water to be acidic

89
Q

Carbohydrates

A

organic compounds like sugars, starches, and cellulose

90
Q

Monosaccharides

A

basic unit of simple sugars.

91
Q

Disaccharides

A

two or more sugars

92
Q

Polysaccharides

A

many sugars

93
Q

Glucose

A

created by photosynthesis, starch is a polysaccharide that stores energy

94
Q

Cellulose

A

polysaccharides

95
Q

Amino acids

A

proteins made up of them. a molecule with an acid and a base

96
Q

Lipids

A

fatty acids

97
Q

Saturated Fat

A

straight molecule - BAD

98
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

has a kink, good for you

99
Q

Molecules and heat

A

The hotter the material, the more rapidly the molecules move - gas

100
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area

101
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water across a membrane from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area

102
Q

Turgid

A

As water enters plant cells, particularly the vacuole, the cell swells up

103
Q

Osmosis and plants

A

Guard cells fill with water into their vacuoles, and the stomatal pore opens, allowing gas exchange. Stomata typically only open at night

104
Q

Consequences of Water Movement

A

Animals intake their water as a liquid or through their diet. Animals lose water through urine, sweat, or even as gas from when we exhale - we also lose minerals. Plants don’t use water in liquid form. They lose through transpiration.

105
Q

Essential Element

A
  1. Element must be necessary for complete, normal plant development through a full life cycle
  2. There must be no substitute for the element
  3. The element must be acting within the plant, not outside it
106
Q

Nitrogen

A

In the air in a form that plants can’t use. Plants use nitrogen-fixing bacteria to obtain nitrogen

107
Q

Photosynthesis

A
  1. Special pigments capture light energy
  2. place that energy into molecules
  3. the energy-infused molecules carry it to places that need the energy
108
Q

___,____, and ____ are supplied by photosynthesis

A

energy, carbon, and electrons

109
Q

Autotrophs

A

feed themselves

110
Q

Heterotrophs

A

must obtain energy, carbon, and electrons by eating foods that contain them

111
Q

Photosynthesis and Respiration

A

Photosynthesis brings in energy, carbon, and electrons, but only makes glucose. Respiration takes glucose and converts it to dozens of other compounds.

112
Q

Storing energy

A

plants store energy in fruits and veggies. Seeds need enough energy to germinate a plant w/out sunlight.

113
Q

True or false? We get nutrients from chewing seeds?

A

true

114
Q

Light reactions

A

H20 -> O2

CO2 -> glucose

115
Q

Fermentation

A

anaerobic respiration

BIOL 207 (5 decks)

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