Exam 3 Flashcards
L’Encyclopédie
1751-1772 (17 vol) - Denis Diderot - Jean d’Alembert 2nd vol banned in France 125,000 sets and copies sold (Half sold outside of France) Besanson 137 sets alone People you wouldn’t have expected bought this
Montesquieu
1689-1755 1721- Persian Letters 1749- L’Esprit des lois 3 forms of fundamental gov 1. Republics - virtue 2. Monarchies - honor 3. Despatism - fear
Voltaire
1694-1778 Anti Catholic Church To crush the infamous thing 1726- fled to England 1729- returned to France and wrote a series of books 1733- Letters on the English 1763- Treatise on Tolerance 1759- Candide (One of the main philosophes and minds)
Philosophes
public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues.
- Voltaire
- Montesquieu
- JJ Rousseau
- Immanuel Kant
Adam Smith
1723-1790
1776 The Wealth of Nations
1st political economist
Wrote in opposition of mercantilist philosophy
- gen. Welfare linked to pursuit of ind. interest
Self interest
- Pursue your own interests regardless of the public good (within the law) and the byproduct is a greater good
Enlightenment
European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.
Deism
Before the enlightenment most people believed that God controlled everything and he made everything perfect.
Diest- God exists but with no supernatural intervention. The Earth proceeds according to natural law
Denis Diderot
Business partner with Jean d’Almbert
Frenchman
Helped write the Encyclopedia
Two Treatise on Government
John Locke
1690
- political order begins with defense of property to preserve public good
- majority rule foundation of true political order
- men/women come together, do not give up all their rights- elect an official
- people have a right to overthrow the ruler if he breaks the original agreement
Letter on Toleration
John Locke
1689
Called for broad but not limitless religious toleration
Except for Catholics (absolutism)
The Spirit of the Law
1749- L’Esprit des lois
Montesquieu
argued that political institutions needed, for their success, to reflect the social and geographical aspects of the particular community.
He pleaded for a constitutional system of government with separation of powers, the preservation of legality and civil liberties, and the end of slavery.
Emile
Jean Jacques Rousseau
1762
On Education is a treatise on the nature of education and on the nature of man
considered it to be the “best and most important” of all his writings.
Jean d’Alembert
Business partner of Denis Diderot
Frenchman
Helped write the Encyclopedia (17 vol)
1751-1772
Persian letters
Voltaire
1721
Cultural relativist
- European men grow their hair/shave beards
- ottoman shave head grow beards
- both are right because you must look into their society and way of doing things
Judge them by their own culture
Committee of Public Safety
April 6 1793
12 individuals make up the CoPS and they are all from the NA
Every month 1 person rotated off and a new one on
Max Robespierre- only permanent person
Appointed- revolutionary tribunals
Arrested, tried, convicted, executed
George’s Danton
Popular politician
Exact opposite of Robespierre
Danton thinks they have won the revolution and they should relax
Robespierre now thinks Danton is a trader and 12 days later him and 12 other are arrested and excuted
Died April 5th 1794
Brunswick Manifest
A proclamation issued by Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commander of the Allied Army, on 25 July 1792 to the population of Paris, France during the War of the First Coalition.
Thermidorean Reaction
The Thermidorian Reaction was a liberal-conservative counter-revolution that followed the toppling of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794.
It wound back the Reign of Terror, purged the government of Jacobin influence and attempted to restore some of the political, social and economic values of 1789.
Leviathan
Thomas Hobbes
1651
Leviathan is divided into four books: “Of Man,” “Of Common-wealth,” “Of a Christian Common-wealth,” and “Of the Kingdome of Darknesse.”
The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory.
John Locke
1632-1704
Supports the overthrow of the king and the glorious revolution
1690- Two treatise on government
1689- letters concerning toleration
1690- essay concerning human understanding
- how do we learn and how do we know what we know is true
- rejects innate ideas
Theory of government
Based on equality but inconvenience
Gov exists to protect mans rights
Life, liberty, property
JJ Rousseau
1712-1778 Geneva Switzerland
Geneva was Calvinist
1741- goes to Paris to make a name in the enlightenment
1750- writes a series of books that establish him as the most creative, brilliant, annoying philosophe of the enlightenment
1763- on the social contract
1755- discourse on the origins of inequality
Equality
“Men should be forced to be free even if they don’t want to be”
His death has a hand in the start of the French Revolution
Thomas Hobbes
1588-1679 Political realist Creative- original 1651- Leviathan He rejects the idea of the divine right of kings State of nature- everyone for themselves “Nasty, brutish and short” Society did not come from Adam and Eve
Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith
1776
Theory of moral sentiments
Candide
Voltaire
1759
Main character undergoes trials and torments and witness many of the worst forms of human cruelty
“All is for the best in this best of all possible worlds”
They reflect on their experience and life in general
