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BIO 225 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cretinism

A

low level of thyroid hormone

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2
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Too much thyroid hormone

  • tired all the time
  • eyes bulging
  • increased metabolic rate
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3
Q

MCH

A

Hormone allowing fish to change color when eyes sense different colors

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4
Q

Pituitary gland controls:

A

maturation of sexual organs

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5
Q

Classical definition of hormones

A

“chemical substances produced by specialized tissues and transported through bloodstream to other tissues where they elicit a specific physiological response

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6
Q

Limitations of classical definition of hormones

A
  • not all substances that have hormonal activity are produced from specialized tissues
  • many hormones have multiple sources
  • some hormones act locally without releasing into circulation
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7
Q

Broad definition of hormones

A

“chemical substances released by one cell and which act on another cell”

  • not nutrients
  • effective in low concentration
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8
Q

classical endocrine glands

A
  • pineal
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • pancreas
  • ovary
  • testis
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9
Q

Exocrine vs. endocrine gland

A 
exocrine
- secretes to a specific destination
- excretes to external environment
endocrine
- ductless gland
- secretes into circulatory system
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10
Q

4 types of cell signaling

A
  • direct cell (gap junctions)
  • autocrine/paracrine (cell to cell)
  • neural (long distance, electrical)
  • endocrine (blood stream)
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11
Q

6 classes of chemical messengers

A
  • peptides
  • steroids
  • amines
  • lipids
  • purines
  • gases
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12
Q

Hydrophilic messenger characteristics

A 
Storage: intracellular vesicles
Secretion: exocytosis
Transport: extracellular fluids
Receptor: transmembrane
Effects: rapid
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13
Q

Hydrophobic messenger characteristics

A 
Storage: synthesized on demand
Secretion: diffusion across membrane
Transport: 
 - short: dissolved in extracellular fluid
 - long: bound to carrier proteins
Receptor: intracellular or transmembrane
Effects: slower or rapid
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14
Q

Peptide protein hormones

A 
- hydrophilic
 • soluble in aq. sol'n
 • travel to target cell dissolved in extracellular fluid
- bind to transmembrane receptors
 • signal transduction (?)
- Rapid effects on target cell
  • 2-200 AA long
  • Synthesized on rough ER
  • stored in vesicles
  • secreted by exocytosis
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15
Q

Larger peptide hormones that are later broken apart

A

preprohormones

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16
Q

AVP

A

Arginine Vasopressin

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17
Q

Amine Hormones

A
  • Chemicals that possess amine group
  • some “true” endocrine hormones
  • some neurotransmitters
  • some both
  • most are hydrophilic
  • many effects
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18
Q

examples of amine hormones

A
  • acetylcholine
  • catecholamines
  • dopamine
  • norepiniephrine
  • epinephrine
  • serotonin
  • melatonin
  • histamine
  • thyroid hormones
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19
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • synthesized on smooth ER or Mitochondria
  • hydrophobic
  • can diffuse thru plasma membrane
  • cannot be stored in cell
  • synthesized on demand
  • transported by carrier proteins
  • SLOW EFFECTS
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20
Q

Three classes of steroids

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • electrolyte balance
  • glucocorticoids
  • stress hormones
  • reproductive hormones
  • regulate sex-specific characteristics
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21
Q

Steroid Hormone Characteristics

A 
- Hydrophobic
 • can diffuse through plasma membrane
• cannot be stored in cell
• must be synthesized on demand
• transported to target cell by carrier protein
• bind to intracellular or transmembrane receptors
• slow effects on target cell
- gene transcription
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22
Q

Target cell communication

A

Ligand (chemical messenger) binds to receptors on target cell

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23
Q

IGF:

A

Insulin growth factor

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24
Q

IGF1:

A

Triggers response

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25
Q

IGF2:

A

prevents response

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26
Q

Ways to inactivate the Ligand-Receptor complex

A
  • ligand removed by distant tissues
  • ligand taken up by adjacent cells
  • ligand degraded by extracellular enzymes
  • ligand-receptor complex removed by endocytosis
  • receptor inactivation
  • inactivation of signal transduction pathway
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27
Q

Types of receptors

A
  • ligand-gated ion channel
  • receptor enzyme
  • g-protein coupled receptor
  • intracellular receptors
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28
Q

Intracellular receptors

A
  • ligand diffuses across cell membrane
  • binds to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus
  • L-R complex binds to specific DNA sequences
  • Regulates the transcription of target genes
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29
Q

3 domains on the intracellular receptor

A
  • Ligand-binding
  • DNA-binding
  • transactivation
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30
Q

6 major hormones released by the anterior pituitary

A
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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31
Q

Oversecretion of GH

A

Gigantism - increased GH early in life

Acromegaly - increased GH later in life

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32
Q

Dwarfism can be a result of two different things:

A
  • GH deficiency

- GH receptor insensitivity

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33
Q

Agonist

A
  • Binds to receptor
  • Causes a Response
  • Many are man-made
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34
Q

Agonist

A
  • Binds to receptor
  • Causes a Response
  • Many are man-made
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35
Q

Antagonist

A
  • binds to receptor
  • does not cause a response
  • man-made OR natural
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36
Q

3 main neurohormones (hypothalamus)

A
  • TRH
  • GnRH
  • CRH
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37
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

- 3 amino acids

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38
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

  • 10 AAs
  • stimulate FSH and LH
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39
Q

CRH

A

ACTH-releasing hormone

- 41 AAs

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40
Q

GHRH

A

GH Releasing Hormone

  • increases at night
  • released from hypothalamus into pituitary
41
Q

GHIH

A

GH Inhibitory hormone
- goes down at night
released from hypothalamus

42
Q

GH goes to _____ tissues

A

all

43
Q

GH causes release of ____ to ____ cells

A

IGFs, neighboring

44
Q

Prolactin

A
  • promotion of lactation
  • promotes maternal behavior thru effects on brain
  • found in all vertibrates – even ones without mammary glands
45
Q

6 other effects of prolactin

A
  • osmoregulation
  • reproduction
  • development
  • metabolism
  • integument
  • behavior effects
46
Q

Cretenism is caused by…

A

insufficient thyroid hormone during fetal and neonatal development

47
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocotricotropic hormone

  • controls stress response
  • goes to adrenal gland
  • adrenal gland releases cortisol
48
Q

Posterior pituitary

A
  • extension of hypothalamus
  • neruons that originate in ht terminate in post. pit.
  • neurohormones oxytocin and vasopressin synthesized in cell body (ht) and travel in vesicles down axon
  • First Order endocrine pathway
49
Q

AVP:

A

vasopressin
- binds g protein linked receptor
- activates adenylate cyclase
Triggers insertion of aquaporins in cell membrane via exocytosis

50
Q

Beta cells of pancreas store

A

Insulin

51
Q

Alpha cells of pancreas store

A

Glucagon

52
Q

Delta cels of pancreas store

A

Somatostatin

53
Q

3 chains of Insulin

A

A-chain: 21 AA
B-chain: 30 AA
C-chain: 31 AA

54
Q

_____ cleaved off insulin to form mature insulin

A

C-chain

55
Q

insulin favors _____, inhibits _____

A

Anabolic, catabolic

56
Q

Isoreceptors

A

Same hormone, different receptors, different response

57
Q

Fick Equation

A

dQ/dt = D • A • (dC/dx)

58
Q

Diffusion equation

A

t = x^2/4D

59
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

60
Q

Henry’s Law

A

[G] = Pgas • Sgas

61
Q

Graham’s Law

A

Diff. Rate (proportional to)
D• A • ∆Pgas • Sgas/
X • sqrt(MW)

62
Q

_____ has the same effect as increasing surface area

A

mixing

63
Q

In tidal ventilation PO2 can approach the PO2 of ________

A

exhalant

64
Q

Bird Lung process

A
  1. air enters posterior sacs
  2. chest compressed, air forced to lung
  3. chest expanded, air forced to anterior air sacs
  4. chest compressed, air forced out
65
Q

each hemoglobin molecule can bind ___ oxygen molecules

A

4

66
Q

each red blood cell has ______ hemoglobin molecules

A

hundreds of

67
Q

3 methods of CO2 transport in blood

A
  • Dissolved in plasma (7%)
  • Carbaminohemoglobin (23%)
  • Bicarbonate (70%)
68
Q

_____ catalyzes formation of bicarbonate

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

69
Q

Increasing pH shifts O2 affinity curve to the____

A

Left, better affinity

70
Q

physiological processes are ________ sensitive

A

temperature

71
Q

ideal temperature range for most animals

A

0-45ºC

72
Q

Q10 equation

A

Rate at (T+10ºC)/rate at TºC

73
Q

Body heat =

A

Heat produced + Heat transferred

74
Q

Fourier’s law:

A

Q(heat flux) = λ∆T/L

75
Q

Resistance =

A

1/conductivity

76
Q

Thermal conductivity units

A

W/m/K (watts/meter/kelvin)

77
Q

Examples of external insulation

A
  • hair
  • feathers
  • air
  • water
78
Q

Heat Flux =

A

Metabolic heat production +/- conduction +/- convection +/- radiation - evaporation

79
Q

poikilotherm

A

relatively variable body temperature

80
Q

homeotherm

A

relatively stable body temperature

81
Q

ectotherm

A

environment determines body temperature

82
Q

endotherm

A

animal generates internal heat to maintain body temperature

83
Q

ectotherms include…

A

all invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

84
Q

benefits of ectotherms

A
  • exploit many adaptive zones unavailable to birds and mammals
  • low metabolic rate
  • suited to periodic shortages in food, water, oxygen
85
Q

Homeoviscous adaption

A

ectothermal animals reduce ill effects of temp by changing cell membrane composition

86
Q

four ways to change cell membrane compostion

A
  • fatty acid chain length
  • saturation
  • phospholipid classes
  • cholesterol content
87
Q

3 ways to move from low to high membrane fluidity

A
  • shorten the chain length
  • unsaturate the chain
  • PC -> PE (polar head)
88
Q

two types of phospholipid remodeling

A
  • in-situ

- de-novo

89
Q

cell membranes are constantly remodeled by

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

90
Q

Physiological mechanisms to maintain homeostatic temperature (ectotherms)

A
  • metabolic compensation
  • isozymes (enzymes with same function, but that act at different temps)
  • color change
  • countercurrent heat exchange (e.g. rete mirable)
91
Q

HSP

A

Heat shock protein (chaperone)

92
Q

Freeze tolerance

A

some animals allow their tissues to freeze

93
Q

freeze avoidance

A
  • cryoprotectant: increase in. intracellular solute concentration decreases freezing point
  • antifreeze macromolecules (proteins/glycoproteins disrupt ice crystal formation by binding to small crystal and preventing growth)
94
Q

Regional ectotherms

A

different areas of the body warming up

95
Q

temporal ectotherms

A

different body temps at different times of day

96
Q

mechanisms to lose body heat

A
  • sweating
  • panting
  • vasodilation
97
Q

dormancy

A
  • hibernation

- esternation

98
Q

Thyroid hormone can ___________ temperature

A

increase

BIO 225 (4 decks)

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