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BIO 225 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photoreceptors convert light into _____

A

Membrane Potential

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2
Q

In invertebrates, an increase in light leads to _______ in Membrane Potential

A

Increase

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3
Q

In vertebrates, an increase in light leads to ________ in membrane potential

A

Decrease

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4
Q

Rhabdomeric Photoreceptors

A
  • Light detection
  • Help with circadian rhythms
  • light leads to depolarization
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5
Q

Ciliary Photoreceptors

A
  • Vision
  • light leads to hyperpolarization
  • Rod & Cone cells
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6
Q

Light signals are started with a GPCR called _______

A

opsin

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7
Q

Opsins covalently bind _____

A

chromophores

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8
Q

Photons cause ______ of chromophore

A

isomerization

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9
Q

Isomerization of chromophore leads to ____

A

changes in the opsin

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10
Q

2 opsin pathways:

A
  • Rhabdomeric - depolarization

- Ciliary - hyperpolarization

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11
Q

___ chromophore is changed to ____

A

11-cis-retinal is changed to all-trans-retinal

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12
Q

The light absorbing layer in the back of the eye:

A

choroid

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13
Q

Light is focused on the:

A

fovea centralis

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14
Q

Blind spot is caused by the:

A

Optic disk

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15
Q

most of the light is focused in the:

A

cornea. the rest is focused by the lens

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16
Q

Light never pathway:

A

Rod/Cone cell > bipolar cells > ganglion > optic nerve

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17
Q

Rod cells converge on _____ bipolar cell (s)

A

Many rod cells per single bipolar cell. leads to more sensitivity.

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18
Q

Cone cells in the FC converge on ____ bipolar cell (s)

A

One cone cell per bipolar cell. Less sensitive but much better acuity.

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19
Q

Color discrimination is a result of ______

A

which wavelengths different cone cells absorb

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20
Q

_____ cells inhibit neighboring bipolar cells

A

horizontal

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21
Q

The functions controlled by the brain

A
  • higher functions
  • complex initiation
  • perception
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22
Q

The functions controlled by the spine

A
  • reflexes

- pathways for efferent/afferent signals

23
Q

Location of the spinal afferent neuron cell bodies

A

Dorsal Root ganglion

24
Q

Location of the spinal efferent neuron cell bodies

A

Ventral horn

25
Q

_____ are bundles of _____ neuron axons

A

Nerves, peripheral

26
Q

2 types of reflex arcs

A
  • Simple reflex
  • sensory-motor
  • Most common reflexes
  • sensory-association-motor
27
Q

Most common reflexes use _______ to ensure coordinated responses

A

divergence

28
Q

The Dorsal root ganglion is:

A

unipolar, sensory

29
Q

Bundles of axons in CNS are called ______

A

tracts

30
Q

2 kinds of CNS tracts

A
  • ascending tracts
  • sensory information
  • PNS receptors to CNS
  • descending tracts
  • motor instructions
  • CNS to effector organs
31
Q

2 types of efferent signals (same side or different side of body)

A
  • ipsilateral
  • same side
  • contralateral (most common)
  • opposite side
32
Q

3 fundamental divisions of vertebrate brain

A
  • Hindbrain
  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain
33
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
  • cerebellum
34
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • regulates breathing
  • regulates heart rate
  • regulates blood pressure
35
Q

Pons

A
  • communication center

- pathway for signals between medulla, forebrain, cerebellum

36
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates motor behaviors

37
Q

Forebrain

A

“Higher processes”

  • 4 lobes
  • frontal (motor)
  • parietal (sensory)
  • temporal (auditory)
  • occipital (vision)
38
Q

2 hemispheres of the brain are connected by the ________

A

corpus callosum

39
Q

Primary motor cortex

A
  • movement of skeletal muscle
  • voluntary
  • damage is irreversible
40
Q

Premotor cortex (ass’n area)

A
  • integrates muscle signals
  • muscle groups
  • damage leads to a loss of skill
  • damage is reversible
41
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • gathers input from sensory receptors
  • damage is irreversible
  • damage leads to loss of touch
42
Q

Somatosensory association area

A
  • loss of touch identification

- reversible

43
Q

Primary visual cortex

A
  • primary input from optic tract
  • some ipsilateral
  • some contralateral
44
Q

Thalamus

A
  • sorts sensory inputs

- routes information

45
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • homeostasis
  • regulates pituitary gland
  • Maintains ion + water balance
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Regulates food intake
  • Involved in stress response
  • regulates circadian rhythms
46
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • special processes

- long-term potentiation

47
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A
  • underlies learning and memory

- after tetanus, LTP neuron pathways have increased reaction to the same (non-tetanus) stimulus

48
Q

circadian rhythms are an example of ________

A

acclimatization

49
Q

SCN

A
  • in the hypothalamus

- controls endocrine system to regulate behavioral rhythms

50
Q

3 branches of autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • enteric (digestive organs)
51
Q

Each organ has both ____ and ____ control (with some exceptions)

A

parasympathetic, sympathetic

52
Q

Muscle Cell RMP

A

-90mV (due to greater K+ gradient)

53
Q

I-band

A

actin filamints (thin)

54
Q

A-band

A

myosin filaments

BIO 225 (4 decks)

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