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BIO 225 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

To prove I'm not stupid

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Greek: Physis

A

Nature

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2
Q

Greek Logia

A

“study of”

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3
Q

Physiology Definition:

A

The study of how animals work

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4
Q

What does it do?

A

Function

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5
Q

How does it do it?

A

Mechanism

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6
Q

Physiology is based on_____

A

physics & chemistry

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7
Q

Phenotypes are influenced by______

A

genetics & the environment

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8
Q

Physiological processes are usually _______

A

regulated

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9
Q

Hierarchy of Integration

A

atoms>molecules>cells>tissues>organs>organ systems> organisms > populations

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10
Q

3 characteristics of Phenotypes

A
  • morphology (structure/anatomy)
  • physiology (function)
  • behavior
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11
Q

what is phenotypic plasticity?

A

ability of a phenotype to change in response to environmental conditions

  • same genotype may result in multiple phenotypes
  • can be reversible or irreversible
  • NOT adaptation (no genomic changes)
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12
Q

epigenetics

A

non DNA changes

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13
Q

homeostasis

A

you know what homeostasis is you dumb lunk

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14
Q

2 strategies for physiological regulation (facing external conditions) [graph!!]

A
  • Conformer
  • allow internal environment to match external environment
  • Regulator
  • changes to to a set point, maintain zone of stability
  • particular to a specific environmental factor
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15
Q

4 types of Regulatory Mechanisms

A
  • Negative feedback
  • Positive feedback
  • Feed-Forward Action
  • Acclimatization
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16
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Response opposes stimulus

e. g.:
- Increase in body temp: blood vessels dilate, sweat
- Decrease in body temp: blood vessels constrict, no sweating

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17
Q

Antagonistic control

A

two functions that work in the opposite directions to maintain set point (homeostasis)
e.g.: Blood glucose

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18
Q

Positive Feedback

A

response amplifies stimulus (until an END POINT)
e.g. childbirth: as muscles in uterine wall contract, contraction leads to further distortion of uterus which is detected by stretch receptors, affects brain, releases oxytocin to cause further contractions.

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19
Q

Feed-Forward (anticipatory) mechanism

A

anticipation of stimulus

e.g.: stomach growling at lunch time (a.k.a. Pizza Time)

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20
Q

Acclimatization

A

adjusting physiological function in response to changes in the environment

Typically reversible
e.g.: jet lag, elevation change

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21
Q

Acclimation

A

laboratory phenomenon - response to change in only one factor

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22
Q

Emergent Properties

A

a property that complex systems have that the individual members do not

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23
Q

Basic Cell structure

A
  • Nucleus: DNA > gene expression
  • Cytoplasm (cytosol)
  • Plasma membrane
  • mitochondria: makes majority of ATP
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24
Q

Membrane proteins

A

On the plasma membrane

  • Polar heads (hydrophilic)
  • Non-polar lipid tails (hydrophobic)
  • Small, non-polar molecules can pass through PM
  • Large and/or polar/charged molecules can not cross bilayer
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25
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • maintain composition of intra and extracellular fluids
  • forms framework for protein components
  • desmosomes - no transfer of molecules
  • tight junctions - some molecular transfer
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26
Q

Types of membrane transport

A
  • simple diffusion
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Active Transport
  • Bulk Transport
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27
Q

Characteristics of Simple diffusion

A
  • Movement from a region of high to low concentration
  • Powered by random thermal motion
  • no ATP required
  • FLUX: measure of diffusion rate
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28
Q

Direction and magnitude of net flux depends on_______

A
  • Permeability
  • Concentration gradient
  • Temperature
  • Surface Area
  • Size of molecule
  • Distance
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29
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Transmembrane proteins facilitate diffusion of some polar or charged molecules

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30
Q

With Facilitated diffusion, molecules move _______ their concentration/electrochemical gradient

A

Down

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31
Q

ATP is _____ required for facilitated diffusion

A

NOT

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32
Q

Channel proteins

A
  • Provide corridor for polar or charged molecules to pass through membrane
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33
Q

Channel protein specificity depends on______ and _____

A

charge & size

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34
Q

Two types of ion channels

A

Selective (Na+, K+, Cl-)
&
Non-selective (Na+,K+,Li+)

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35
Q

Aquaporins

A

Facilitated diffusion for water

high concentration of water to low concentration of water

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36
Q

Osmolarity

A

Total concentration of solutes in a solution

Measured in OSMOLES

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37
Q

1 Osmole =

A

1 mole of solute/L

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38
Q

Osmolarity depends on______

A

Total number of molecules NOT individual type

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39
Q

3 ways to compare osmolarity of two solutions

A

Isomotic: same solute concentration

Hyperosmotic: higher solute concentration

Hyposmotic: lower solute concentration

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40
Q

Isomotic

A

same solute concentration

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41
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

higher solute concentration

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42
Q

Hyposmotic

A

Lower solute concentration

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43
Q

Water moves from ___tonic side to ____tonic side

A

Hypotonic side to hypertonic side

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44
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Pressure generated by movement of water by osmosis.

No net flux is reached when hydrostatic (gravity) pressure is equal to osmotic pressure

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45
Q

3 different classifications of channel proteins

A
  • Constitutive channels
  • Gated Channels
  • Special gated channels
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46
Q

Constitutive channels

A

Always open

- e.g.: Aquaporins

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47
Q

Gated channels

A
  • ligand gated channels
  • Voltage-gated channels
  • Mechanically gated channels
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48
Q

Ligand gated channels

A
  • signal molecule binds to receptor to open/close channel

- e.g.: acetylcholine regulates entry of Na+ into muscle cells

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49
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A
  • regulated by the electrical state of the cell

- activated by change in voltage across membrane

50
Q

Mechanically-gated channels

A

Regulated by a physical change

e.g. touching your skin leading to a sense of touch

51
Q

Special gated channel

A

gap junctions

52
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • aqueous pore between two adjacent cells
  • made of connexin
  • allows cell signals (chemical messenger) to be transferred directly between two cells
  • not always open
53
Q

Gap junctions are gated by ________

A

pH, voltage, other

54
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Permease: binds the substrate, undergoes a conformational change, and releases substrate on the other side

55
Q

Active Transport

A

Transported molecules must bind to the transporters

  • metabolic energy is required
  • primary active transport - directly
  • secondary active transport - indirectly
56
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

ATP bonds break, energy is released
- maintains electrochemical gradient

e. g.: Ca2+ ATPase
e. g.: Na+/K+ ATPase
- ATP binding Phosphate to transport protein, K triggers Phosphate to detach

57
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

the generated electrochemical gradients use “Coupled Transport”

58
Q

Two Secondary Active Transport transporters

A

Antiporters & Symporters

59
Q

Antiporter

A

Two ions going in opposite directions (K in, Na out)

60
Q

Symporter

A

two ions coupled going in same direction (Na bringing glucose in with it)

61
Q

Bulk Transport

A

Simultaneous movement of many large molecules that cannot be transported by carriers

62
Q

Two types of bulk transport

A

Exocytosis & Endocytosis

63
Q

Exocytosis

A

bulk transport out of the cell

- fusion of the membrane-bound vesicles that contain cellular products with the plasma membrane

64
Q

Endocytosis

A

bulk transport into the cell

- specific molecules can be taken into the cell because of the interaction of the molecule and a protein receptor

65
Q

Ions with greater concentration inside the cell:

A

K+, Organic Anions

66
Q

Examples of Organic Anions

A

Phosphate, nucleic acid

67
Q

Ions with greater concentration outside of the cell:

A

Na+, Cl-

68
Q

Nernst Equation at STP

A

58log([outside]/[inside])

69
Q

The difference between an ion’s equilibrium potential and RMP is called_______

A

Driving force

70
Q

Any extension off of a cell body is called a _____

A

process

71
Q

Signals are received at the _______

A

dendrites

72
Q

Signal integration happens at the _________

A

axon hillock

73
Q

The axon hillock is also known as the ______

A

trigger zone

74
Q

A signal is conducted along the _____

A

axon

75
Q

Signal ends at the ______

A

axon terminal

76
Q

Gap between the axon terminal and the receptor ____

A

synapse

77
Q

Transient changes that occur locally

A

Graded potential

78
Q

characteristics of Graded potentials

A
  • short distance
    varied in magnitude and duration
    occur in dendrites and cell bodies
79
Q

Graded potentials can stack over ____ & _____

A

Space & Time

80
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential

81
Q

EPSPs move Vm ______

A

closer to threshold for AP

82
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential

83
Q

IPSPs move Vm ______

A

farther from threshold

84
Q

Depolarization is caused by ___ ions flowing ___

A

Na+, into the cell

85
Q

Repolarization is caused by ____ ions flowing ___

A

K+, out of the cell

86
Q

A strong driving force is caused by _____

A

a large difference in RMP and an ion’s equilibrium potential

87
Q

The period where absolutely NO Action Potential can occur

A

Absolute Refractory Period

88
Q

The period where a large enough stimulus could trigger a new Action Potential

A

Relative refractory period

89
Q

3 types of neurons

A
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar
90
Q

Characteristics of multipolar neurons

A
  • many processes (dendrites and axon)
  • Many in the brain
  • Spinal cord
91
Q

Characteristics of bipolar neurons

A
  • only 2 processes off the cell body
  • single dendrite
  • single axon
  • involved in special senses
  • vision
  • olfaction
  • hearing
92
Q

Characteristics of unipolar neurons

A
  • off of the cell body only one extension (process)
  • then it branches
  • idk, they’re weird
93
Q

What receptors mediate detection of chemicals?

A

Chemoreceptors

94
Q

Two types of chemoreceptors

A
  • Exteroreceptors

- Interoceptors

95
Q

Exteroreceptors are involved in which senses?

A
  • Olfaction (smell)
  • Gustatory (taste)
  • Nociception (pain)
96
Q

Interoceptors are involved in what senses?

A

Internal senses

  • Blood pH
  • Chemosensors in stomach
97
Q

What are neurons involved in smell called?

A

Oderant Receptor Neurons (ORNs) (bipolar)

98
Q

What is the pathway for Oderant Receptors?

A
  • Chemical is ligated to receptor
  • Gprotein (Golf) is activated, which activates adenylate cyclase.
  • Acycl converts ATP into cAMP
  • cAMP opens cAMP gated ion channels (allow Ca2+ and Na+ into cell) (non-specific channels)
  • Ca2+ opens Ca2+ gated Cl- channels, Cl- flows out, further increasing depolarization, leads to AP
99
Q

what chemical does the olfaction Action Potential release?

A

Glutamate

100
Q

What is the sweet G-protein?

A

Gustducin

101
Q

Gustducin pathway

A

Activates Acycl to make cAMP

  • Closes K+ channels (depolarization)
  • this activates Ca2+ channels (enter cell) causes NT release (glutamate)
102
Q

What is the bitter G-protein?

A

Transducin

103
Q

Transducin Pathway

A
  • Activates PLC (not Acycl) acts on secondary messenger IP3
  • Releases calcium from internal stores (NOT DEPOLARIZED)
    Ca2+ activates NT release (glutamate)
104
Q

Salty pathway

A

Na+ enters directly

  • causes depolarization
  • opens Ca2+ channels
  • Release NT (serotonin)
105
Q

Sour pathway

A

H+ from sour foods block K+ channel

- K+ can’t leave, depolarization, Ca2+ opens, release NT

106
Q

Vertebrates use _____ potential

A

Receptor

107
Q

Invertebrates use ______ potential

A

generator

108
Q

Mechanoreception is used in what senses?

A
  • Touch/pressure
  • Proprioception
  • Equilibrium/Balance
  • Hearing
  • Baroreception
109
Q

Epithelial Sodium Channel

A
  • Large extracellular link

- Intracellular link from mebrane to cytoskeleton, activated with pressure, allows Na+ in

110
Q

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel

A

non-selective cation channels

111
Q

Two channels activated with mechanoreception:

A
  • Epithelial Sodium Channel (EnaC)

- Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel

112
Q

Somatosensation

A

touch receptors

113
Q

Two types of accessory Structures

A
  • Tonic Receptors

- Phasic receptors

114
Q

Tonic receptors

A
  • activated with light pressure
  • e.g.: merkels disks
  • responding for duration of stimulus
115
Q

Phasic receptors

A
  • activated with deep pressure
  • respond only to changes in pressure
  • e.g. Pacinian corpuscle
116
Q

Proprioceptors:

A

Monitor the position of the body in space

117
Q

Mechanoreceptors for equilibrium example

A

Lobster

  • statocyst
  • statolith (stony particles)
  • as porganism moves, statoliths roll around, which ever neurons are contacted, detected as mech. force
118
Q

Hair cell mechanoreceptor

A
  • responsible for hearing and balance
  • sterocillia movement
  • intrinsic excitability
  • bathed in endolymph
  • high external K+, low internal
119
Q

What happens with a move toward longer stereocillia?

A
  • more channel opening
  • depolarization
  • frequency of APs
120
Q

What happens with a move toward shorter stereocillia?

A
  • more closure of Ca2+ channels

- hyperpolarization

121
Q

Vestibular apparatus

A

maintains stereocillia mechanism in inner ear

122
Q

otoliths

A

rocks on gelatenous layer in vestibular apparatus

BIO 225 (4 decks)

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