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Biol 1000 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

body cell; excludes cells that undergo meiosis and become sperm or eggs

A

somatic cell

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2
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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3
Q

an orderly set of stages that take place between the time a cell divides and the time the resulting cells also divide

A

cell cycle

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4
Q

most of the cell cycle is spent in _____

A

interphase

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5
Q

following replication, a chromosome consists of a pair of sister chromatids, held together at the centromere; each chromatid is comprised of a single DNA helix

A

chromatid

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6
Q

the division of the nucleus and genetic material

A

mitosis

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7
Q

the division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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8
Q

hormones that deliver a signal to the plasma membrane of target cells

A

growth factors

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9
Q

encode proteins that promote that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis

A

protooncogenes

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10
Q

encode proteins that slow the cell cycle

A

tumor suppressor genes

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11
Q

when proto-oncogenes mutate, they become cancer-causing genes

A

oncogenes

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12
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes are composed _____, a combination of both DNA and protein

A

chromatin

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13
Q

the region where each replicated chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids held together

A

centromere

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14
Q

cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present

A

diploid (2n)

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15
Q

cell condition in which only one of each type of chromosome is present

A

haploid (n)

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16
Q

assists in distributing the chromosomes to the nucleus of each daughter cell

A

spindle

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17
Q

first phase of mitosis; characterized by the condensation of the chromatin; chromosomes are visible, but scattered in the nucleus

A

prophase

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18
Q

phase of cell division that occurs between prophase and metaphase and is characterized by attachment of the spindle fibers to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid

A

prometaphase

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19
Q

third phase of mitosis; chromosomes are aligned at the _____ plate

A

metaphase

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20
Q

fourth phase of mitosis; chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle

A

anaphase

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21
Q

final phase of mitosis; daughter cells are located at each pole

A

telophase

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22
Q

cells come from other cells

A

cell division

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23
Q

cells divide to produce…

A

daughter cells

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24
Q

somatic cells undergo cell division to produce…

A

exact copies of the original

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25
Q

any cells that are not a reproductive cell (body cell)

A

somatic cells

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26
Q

combination of DNA and protein molecules

A

chromatin

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27
Q

chromosomes are formed by…

A

chromatin coils just before it divides

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28
Q

chromosomes contain

A

DNA

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29
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes - 23 homologous pairs

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30
Q

just before a cell divides, chromosomes make a copy of the DNA within

A

sister chromatids

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31
Q

when the cell divides…

A

the sister chromatids separate

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32
Q

the phase where chromosomes duplicate

A

interphase

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33
Q

nuclei of cells divide and produce 2 nuclei that are just alike

A

mitosis

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34
Q

cytoplasm divides in cells

A

cytokinesis

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35
Q

chromosomes condense and coil tighter, the mitotic spindle forms (spindle apparatus composed of microtubules) and moves the chromosomes towards center

A

prophase

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36
Q

chromosomes arrive at the center of the cell

A

metaphase

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37
Q

sister chromatids separate and go their own way, each moving to opposite poles where they will stay

A

anaphase

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38
Q

cell begins to divide, mitotic spindle breaks down, cytokinesis occurs, and 2 new daughter cells are found (2 copies of the original cell)

A

telophase

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39
Q

in animals, cytokinesis occurs by…

A

cleavage furrow (process pinches cell apart)

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40
Q

in plants, a cell plate…

A

splits cell into two

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41
Q

interphase is not part of

A

mitosis

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42
Q

when cell cycle operates normally, mitotic cell division functions in…

A

growth, cell replacement, asexual reproduction

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43
Q

most normal cells divide only when attached to a surface

A

anchorage dependent

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44
Q

cells continue dividing until they touch one another

A

density dependence inhibition

45
Q

divide excessively and can invade other tissues and displace normal cells

A

cancer cells

46
Q

1 in 5 deaths is because of

A

cancer

47
Q

abnormal mass of cells

A

tumor

48
Q

tumors that do not spread

A

benign

49
Q

tumors that are cancerous and do spread

A

malignant tumors

50
Q

growth of cancer cells beyond the original site

A

metastasis

51
Q

cancers that originate in the external or internal linings of the body (example: skin and breast)

A

carcinomas

52
Q

cancers that are in tissues that support the body (example: bone and muscle)

A

sarcomas

53
Q

cancers in blood forming tissues (example: bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)

A

leukemias and lymphomas

54
Q

cancers are usually not affected by…

A

density dependent inhibition or anchorage dependent

55
Q

high energy radiation is used to destroy dividing cells - targets cancer cells, but can destroy normal cells

A

radiation treatment

56
Q

drugs that disrupt cell division

A

chemotherapy

57
Q

impairs the function of the mitotic spindle (discovered in the bark of the Pacific yew)

A

taxol

58
Q

produces genetic variety among offspring (inherit chromosomes from each parent)

A

sexual reproduction

59
Q

carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics (different version of genes, alleles, code for different variations of characteristics)

A

homologous chromosomes

60
Q

in humans, each homologous pair contains…

A

one chromosome inherited from dad and one inherited from mom

61
Q

chromosomes in humans…

A

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (sex chromosomes determine sex)

62
Q

two homologous sets of chromosomes (2n) (somatic cells, mitosis)

A

diploid cells

63
Q

in humans the diploid number is…

A

46 chromosomes (2n = 46)

64
Q

egg and sperm (haploid cells)

A

gametes

65
Q

single set of chromosomes (sex cells, meiosis)

A

haploid cells

66
Q

in humans, the haploid number is

A

n = 23 chromosomes

67
Q

when egg and sperm cells fuse

A

diploid zygote (2n = 46)

68
Q

cell division that forms gametes (reproductive organs)

A

meiosis

69
Q

meiosis is preceded by…

A

interphase (chromosomes duplicate)

70
Q

2 divisions occur in meiosis that form…

A

4 haploid daughter cells

71
Q

meiosis I

A

prophase I
metaphase I
anaphase I
telophase I

72
Q

in synapsis, homologous chromosome pairs come together and form a tetrad. these pairs exchange segments (crossing over). spindle forms - tetrads start to move toward the center of the cell

A

prophase I

73
Q

homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

A

metaphase I

74
Q

homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles

A

anaphase I

75
Q

chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell divides in cytokinesis

A

telophase I

76
Q

meiosis II

A

prophase II
metaphase II
anaphase II
telophase II

77
Q

spindle forms again

A

prophase II

78
Q

chromosomes align in center of the cell (metaphase plate)

A

metaphase II

79
Q

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of cell

A

anaphase II

80
Q

chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and cytokinesis begins which forms 4 haploid cells when complete

A

telophase II

81
Q

if an organism with 24 chromosomes undergoes meiosis I and II…

A

then it will produce 4 cells with 12 chromosomes

82
Q

the segregation of alleles for one gene does not affect the segregation of alleles for another

A

independent assortment (independent orientation)

83
Q

until the 20th century many biologists believed characteristics acquired in a lifetime were…

A

passed down and traits always blended

84
Q

yy or YY

A

homozygous

85
Q

Yy

A

heterozygous

86
Q

physical traits (example: blue eyes)

A

phenotype

87
Q

genetic makeup (example: Yy)

A

genotype

88
Q

someone who has an allele for a recessive trait but does not have the trait

A

carrier

89
Q

evaluate 1 trait

A

monohybrid cross

90
Q

evaluate 2 traits

A

dihybrid cross

91
Q

two recessive alleles must be present for trait to be displayed

A

autosomal recessive inheritance

92
Q

some parents may be carriers for…

A

recessive disorders

93
Q

examples of autosomal recessive disorders

A

Albinism

Cystic Fibrosis

94
Q

carried on dominant alleles

A

dominant disorders

95
Q

examples of dominant disorders

A

Achondroplasia

Huntington’s disease

96
Q

incomplete dominance in humans…

A

hypercholesterolemia

97
Q

HH - normal
Hh - mild disease
hh - severe disease

A

hypercholesterolemia

98
Q

expression of two different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote (both genes are dominant)

A

codominance

99
Q

ABO blood type is…

A

codominance (2 alleles are codominant and 3rd allele is recessive to others)

100
Q

contains master gene for sex determination (if present, testes form); contains very few genes

A

the Y chromosome

101
Q

more genes that Y chromosome, many deal with nonsexual traits; genes on x chromosome can be expressed in both males and females

A

the X chromosome

102
Q

trait is carried on x chromosome and appears in males more than females (males cannot inherit from his father)

A

x-linked inheritance

103
Q

examples of x-linked inheritance

A

colorblindness

hemophilia

104
Q

chart of genetic connections among individuals (used to follow traits in humans through generations and determine the genotypes of individuals)

A

pedigree

105
Q

alleles at a single locus may have effects on 2 or more traits

A

pleiotropy

106
Q

example of pleiotropy in humans…

A

Marfan syndrome - mutation in gene for fibrillin (connective tissue) affects skeleton, cardiovascular system, lungs, eyes, and skin

107
Q

traits affected by genes at more than one loci

A

polygenic trait

108
Q

continuous range in a given trait among individuals

A

continuous variation

109
Q

the more genes a trait is affected by the more…

A

continuous the variation

Biol 1000 (6 decks)

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