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Biol 1000 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the characteristics of living organisms

A
  1. have organization
  2. acquire and use energy
  3. maintain constant internal conditions
  4. have inherited information (DNA) that determines form and function
  5. are composed of 1 or more cells
  6. respond to their environment
  7. reproduce
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2
Q

collection of unified insights about nature, the evidence for which is an array of facts

A

science

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3
Q

explanations thought to be true

A

facts

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4
Q

generalization that explains many observations - has been tested and researchers have yet to find evidence that disproves it - usually generates many hypotheses

A

theory

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5
Q

tentative, testable explanation for an observed phenomenon

A

hypothesis

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6
Q

what are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. observation
  2. hypothesis
  3. experiment / test
  4. conclusion
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7
Q

factor of an experiment that is being tested

A

independent variable

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8
Q

response or change that occurs due to the independent variable

A

dependent variable

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9
Q

a sample where the independent variables are omitted

A

control sample

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10
Q

a substance that can’t be reduced to a simpler substance (composed of atoms)

A

element

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11
Q

basic unit of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

atom

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12
Q

very little space, but contains all the mass

A

nucleus

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13
Q

positive charge; determine the atomic number of an element

A

protons

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14
Q

(in nucleus) no charge

A

neutrons

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15
Q

forms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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16
Q

what does protons + neutrons equal?

A

mass number

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17
Q

an isotope that has an unstable nucleus - loss of neutrons from the nucleus

A

radioisotope

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18
Q

very little mass, negative charge

A

electrons

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19
Q

atoms that differ in the number of protons and electrons

A

ions

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20
Q

electrons occur in shells, each atom seeks to fill its _____ shell

A

outer

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21
Q

how many electrons can the first shell hold?

A

two

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22
Q

how many electrons can the rest of the shells hold?

A

8

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23
Q

atoms will form _____ to satisfy the requirements of their outer shells

A

bonds

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24
Q

number of atoms in a defined spatial relationship

A

molecules

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25
Q

bonds in which atoms share electrons

A

covalent bonds

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26
Q

shared electrons spend more time near the larger nucleus. creates negative charge on one end of molecule.

A

polar covalent bonds

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27
Q

formed when partially positive hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond is attracted to a partially negative atom in another covalent bond

A

hydrogen bonds

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28
Q

atoms bonded through attraction of oppositely charged particles - exchange electrons

A

ionic bonds

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29
Q

mixture of 2 or more substances

A

solution

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30
Q

substance that is dissolved in a solvent

A

solute

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31
Q

the substance in which a solute is dissolved

A

solvent

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32
Q

provided the basis for life

A

water

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33
Q

less dense than water - molecules spread apart

A

ice. freezes at 0 C

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34
Q

water molecules bond to each other more strongly than to air

A

surface tension

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35
Q

molecules that interact with water

A

hydrophilic

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36
Q

molecules that do not interact with water

A

hydrophobic

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37
Q

what is an example of a hydrophilic molecule?

A

salt

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38
Q

what is an example of a hydrophobic molecule?

A

lipid

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39
Q

lower pH

A

acids

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40
Q

raise pH

A

bases

41
Q

what number means most acidic?

A

0

42
Q

what number means most basic?

A

14

43
Q

what happens when your pH is too low?

A

acidosis

44
Q

what happens when your pH is too high?

A

alkalosis

45
Q

compounds that contain carbon

A

organic compounds

46
Q

how many covalent bonds can carbon form?

A

four

47
Q

chain of carbons and hydrogens

example: propane

A

hydrocarbons

48
Q

the groups of atoms in an organic molecule that usually participate in chemical reactions

A

functional groups

49
Q

single unites

A

monomers

50
Q

string of monomers

A

polymers

51
Q

contain C,H, O

A

carbohydrates

52
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

53
Q

what is the polymer of carbohydrates?

A

polysaccharides

54
Q

carbohydrate storage in plants, digestible by animals

A

starch

55
Q

how animals store carbohydrates

A

glycogen

56
Q

primary structural component of plants (provides rigidity). animals can not digest, only bacteria can

A

cellulose

57
Q

strengthens the exoskeleton of many organisms

A

chitin

58
Q

when molecules bind to one another and produce H2O

A

dehydration synthesis

59
Q

when a more complex molecule is split into simpler molecules and water is required

A

hydrolysis

60
Q
  • composed of C, H, O - more H
  • hydrophobic
  • used for energy storage, insulation
A

lipids

61
Q

type of lipid - glycerol and fatty acids

A

fat

62
Q

a carboxyl and a long hydrocarbon chain

A

fatty acid

63
Q

can be saturated or unsaturated

A

hydrocarbon chain

64
Q

all C-C bonds are single bonds

A

saturated

65
Q

at least one C-C bond is a double bond

A

unsaturated

66
Q

a type of lipid that all have a set of 4 linked carbon rings

A

steroids

67
Q

make up the outer membranes of cells

A

phospholipids

68
Q

consists of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

A

phospholipids

69
Q

fatty acids tails are ____

A

hydrophobic

70
Q

phosphate heads are ____

A

hydrophilic

71
Q

polymer composed of many amino acids

A

protein

72
Q

contains the instructions for putting together proteins

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

73
Q

takes DNA encoded instructions to the sites in cells where proteins are put together

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

74
Q

what are DNA and RNA composed of?

A

nucleotides

75
Q

what are nucleotides composed of?

A

a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogen containing base (Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine)

76
Q
  • archaea or bacteria
  • no nuclei
  • single celled
  • many do not use oxygen
  • no organelles
A

prokaryotes

77
Q
  • everything else
  • nuclei
  • multicellular
  • most use oxygen
  • organelles
A

eukaryotes

78
Q

membrane bound department - contains DNA

A

nucleus

79
Q

outer boundary of cell

A

plasma membrane

80
Q

region inside the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

81
Q

structures within the cell which carry out specific functions

A

organelles

82
Q

within nucleus - RNA and proteins combine to make ribosomal subunits (will make up ribosome)

A

nucleolus

83
Q

internal scaffolding that maintains the shape of the cell

A

cytoskeleton

84
Q

fluid in which the cell’s organelles are immersed (outside of the nucleus)

A

cytosol

85
Q

structure that translates RNA to proteins

A

ribosome

86
Q

network of plasma membranes that has ribosomes embedded in the surface. there are also free ribosomes

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

87
Q

detoxifies potentially harmful substances and produces lipids

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

88
Q

consists of membranous sacs. receives proteins from the ER, modifies them, and them ships them off to their final destination

A

Golgi complex

89
Q

tiny membranous sacs in the cytoplasm

A

vessicle

90
Q

organelles than contain enzymes that break down organelles and return them to the cytosol so they can be reused - also digest nutrients

A

lysosome

91
Q

vessicle containing enzymes which break down fatty acids and amino acids

A

peroxisome

92
Q

convert energy found in food into a molecular form (ATP) the cell can use

A

mitochondria

93
Q

changes in cell shapes

- in muscle cells: actin, myosin

A

microfilaments

94
Q

skeleton / give structure

A

intermediate filaments

95
Q

move organelles from one area to another, also cell extensions - cilia and flagella

A

microtubules

96
Q
  • may contain 90% of the cell volume

- contains mostly water, but also nutrients and waste

A

central vacuole

97
Q
  • located outside the cell membrane
  • plants, bacteria, algae, and fungi have cell walls
  • composed of cellulose (polysaccharide)
A

cell wall

98
Q

where photosynthesis takes place

A

chloroplasts

Biol 1000 (6 decks)

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