exam 3 Flashcards
acids produce….
H3O+ ions when they dissolve in water
weak acid
an acid that only partially dissociates in aqueous solutions
strong acids
ionize completely when they dissolve in water
why do covalent bonds make something a weak acid
covalent bonds are harder to break
carboxylic acid
a compound containing the COOH functional group
the bronsted-lowery model defines acids as _____ and bases as _____
acids- H+ donors
Bases H+ acceptors
amphiprotic
describes a substance that can behave as either a proton acceptor or a proton donor
sodium hydrogen bicarbonate and water are examples of..
amphiprotic substances
neutralization reaction
a reaction that takes place when an acid reacts with a base and produces a solution of a salt in water
there must be one H+ ion for every OH- ion
total ionic equation
a balanced equation that shows all species, including spectator ions, present in a reaction, either as molecular materials or seperate ions
rules to write a total ionic equation
Write all strong electrolytes as separate ions, with each of their symbols followed by (aq).
Write all soluble nonelectrolytes—and all weak electrolytes, such as acetic acid—using their molecular formulas.
Use the molecular formula H2O(ℓ) for water when it is a reactant or product (as in a neutralization reaction).
Write insoluble solids and gases using their normal chemical formulas followed by (s) or (g) as appropriate.
spectator ion
an ion that is unchanged by a chemical reaction
net ionic equation
A balanced equation that describes the actual reaction taking place in solution; it is obtained by eliminating the spectator ions from the total ionic equation.
when is a compound not soluable
when solute solvant interactions are not strong enough to offset solute.-solute interactions
the strength of ion-ion interactions increase with___ and decrease with ____
increase with increasing charge
decrease with increasing ion size
ionic compounds with cations charges of 3+ or 4+ and anions charges of 2- or 3- (what is their solubility like)
they have limited soluability because interactions between ions with multiple charges are strong
saturated
a solution tha contains the maximum concentration of a solute possible at a given temp
unsaturated solution
a solution that contains less than the meximum quality of solute predicted to be soluable in a given volume of solution at a given temperature
supersaturated
has more than maximum of solute in it but does not precipitates
oxidation
a chemical change in which an element loses electron. the oxidation number of the element increases
reduction
a chemical change in which an element gains electrons. the oxidation number decreases
redox reaction
simultaneous loss and gain of an electron
oxidizing agent
a reactant that accepts electrons from another in a redox reaction, thereby oxidizing the other reactant
the oxidizing agent is reduced in the reaction
reducing reagent
a reagent that donated electrongs to another in a redox reaction, thereby reducing the other reactant
the reducing agent is oxidized in the reaction
All compounds containing which ions are soluble in water
Group 1 cations (alkali metals)
NH4+
NO3-
ClO4-
CH3COO- (acetate)
How do you know if something is a spectator ion ?
It’s chemical formula does not change since it is soluable in water and breaks apart from the other ion it’s connected to
What happens to the magnitude and sign of the enthalpy change when a process is reversed
ΔH changes sign but keeps its absolute value
Conjugate acid
Added hydrogen to product
Conjugate base
When the product has less hydrogen
Lewis acid
Electron pair acceptors
Lewis base
Electron pair donors
