exam #3 Flashcards
prep for finals
traditional families
- Two bio parents, married to each other, sharing home with bio children
- Father earns income while mom stays home to rear children
- Currently, working moms are primary financial providers in 40% of US households
- Two bio parent cohabitating is almost down to half
polygamist families
- legal in 850 societies globally but not in US
2. Direction 9.9/10 is men with multiple wives
neg effects of polygamy
higher rates of:
1) Marital conflict (e.g. jealousy)
2) Mental health issues
3) Children being exposed to marital violence and father absences
(higher amts of kids = less resources including father’s care)
which wife has highest rate of MH issues and why in polygamous relationships?
- 1st wife
2. because most likely to exp jealousy
single parents
- most common form: typically mothers
- by 2012 the percent of babies born to a single woman rose to 40.7%
- high stress environ: 43% of moms are at or below poverty line
reasons women become single parents
1) ~33% never got married
2) ~16-35% separated or divorced
3) ~1.7% death of spouse (woman is widow)
how has being a single parent changed since 1960s?
1) 1960s: 9.1% single moms
2) 2008: 26.7% single moms
frequency of single parents differs by race/ ethnicity how?
More than half are black/ African American females
single moms are a diverse group
1) Adolescents single women
2) Older single women
3) Unmarried women living with a partner
4) this makes it diff to summarize how single motherhood affects children
What makes single parenthood so stressful?
- financial problems
- relationship problems
- parenting demands
- lack of time for self
stress buffers for single moms
- Material and financial support (diapers, babysitting, money, etc.)
- Social support (not even a really strong one; just perceived social support)
cumulative risk model
- more stressors -> more neg outcomes
2. higher internalizing prob rates in kiddos; dose-effect relationship with mom’s risk factors
katchick et al., 2005
- Neighborhood stress stopped her from parenting well (monitoring) and increased psychological distress
- Perceived social support enough to mitigate the cycle
i) She can positively care for her children despite the poor environment that she has to do it in
ii) #1 PROTECTIVE FACTOR
adolescent moms
- US rate higher than other developed nations
- Rates of sex act in adols is comparable to other countries
- LOWER RATES OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE
- 750,000 US adols preg each year
Risk factors for teen pregnancies
1) Poverty
2) School failure
3) Low aspirations for future
4) Friends who are teen moms
5) Unrealistic ideas about easy parenthood
MTV’s “16 and Preg”
Research has shown by showing non glam side of teen preg to adols there’s been a drop in teen preggers attributed only to this show!
Teen moms may:
- Be competent, loving and responsive
2. But tend to be less verbal/ stimulating
Teen Moms are likely to…
1) Be experiencing parenting as a crisis
2) Unprepared- emotionally, physically, financially, etc.
3) Have identity development conflicts with parenting role
a) Cause this is time to figure out who you are
b) Confounded by you being a parent
4) Have adolescent egocentricism which interferes with empathy
a) Parenting requires lots of self sacrifice NOT GOOD WITH ADOLESCENTS
5) Suffer from stress and unstable family
a) Could have existed before preg was there though
child born to young mothers are at risk of
- Deficit in cog functioning
- Psychosocial problems (attachment issues)
- Poor academic outcomes (repeating a grade, truancy)
- Premature sexual activity
a) Poor modeling might be the reason why - Externalizing behaviors
a) such as aggression
risk to child can be moderated by teen mothers’
1) Intelligence (IQ not academic performance)
2) Self esteem
3) Amount of adversity that she’d encountered up to pregnancy
a) More adversity before are worse off b/c continued adversity more likely
4) Mental health status
ART
- (assisted reproductive tech) families
- Financial costs of tech (over $25,000 per time)
- Increased risk of 30% of birth defects
a) Correlational data
b) parents tend to be older
Does it matter if you are an ART kiddo?
Yes b/c environment but then Jordan put “NAHHH” in his book notes
ART mothers
- More anxious during pregnancy
- possibly due to money spent to get it done
- environ trains baby for world - More elated at birth and more protective
- could also have elevated rates of PPD
- more tiger/helicopter moms
adoptive parents
- 136,000 annual adoptions in US (500,000 applications made)
- 80% motivated by inability to conceive
multiple types of adoptions
- domestic, international, foster care, etc.
- 46% of international private agency adoptions are young infants
- Only 2% of adoptions from child welfare agencies are young infants
unique challenges of adoptions
- Pregnancy histories and early environment concerns
- Attachment issues
- Child’s search for identity
reactive attachment disorder
1) child can’t attach to caregiver regardless of how good caregiver is
2) b/c they’ve passed the attachment age
3) Longer without parent more likely this will happen
4) Long term psych consequences even if the child doesn’t know they were adopted later
5) Usually if parents adopt internationally they’re blind to this
adoptive children’s outcomes
1) Presence of problems linked to type of adoption
2) Dose-response relationship
a) Better if from your country and early on
3) Adoptive children do much better on IQ tests and in school than non-adopted children
a) but not as well as kids not adopted
b) some selection issues
Romanian orphans/
Bucharest Early Intervention Project
- random assn to continued orphanage care or foster care
- found there was improvement in the children placed into foster care
a) improved in cog fn not socioemo fn
b) younger the child placed into foster care, the better the outcomes
gay/ Lesbian Parents
- About 16% of gay couples live with children under the age of 18 yrs
- Few differences in parenting practices, beliefs or attitudes from heterosexuals
- More positive functioning in gay-father families
- Lesbian mom who carries baby will fall into trad mom role and other will fall into trad dad role therefore more marital conflict
Children of gay/les couples
- Largely indistinguishable from other kiddos
2. May face prejudice, teasing, harassment
blended/ step parent fams
- Diverse family combinations which leads to… Diverse family dynamics
- Disruption of relationships
- Multiple transitions
- Parenting practice matter
Diverse family dynamics in blended/ step parent fams
- tend to see more adjustment problems
- b/c of nature of changed family dynamics
- depends on age: when very young or much older less impactful on day-2-day exp
parenting practices matter in blended/ step parent fams… characteristics of parenting practices that help are:
- Being involved
- Providing warmth
- Monitoring/supervising
- Disciplining
- Helping with emo dev will help with transition
grandparents as parents
- 7.7 million US children are reared by grandparents (57% of population)
- Comes with Strengths and Weaknesses
strengths of grandparents as parents
- Highly committed
- More wise and knowledgeable
- More time and gratitude
weaknesses of grandparents as parents
- Less energy
- More problems with discipline
- Generation gap
parenting styles depend on age and less so on personality
- Older (65+): more formal
2. Younger: fun-seeker and benevolent but distant
children benefit from grandparent involvement b/c leads to…
- more cog stimulation
2. higher reading scores
Effects on grandparents as parents
- Often react with anger to own child
- More likely to report mental health issues
- Financial strains
- Physical problems
foster parents
- temporary
- flawed system but at least you have a primary caregiver
- requires extraordinary abilities/skills
- 30-50% quit despite financial incentive
four key caregiving qualities
- Love and nurturance
- Synchrony
- Stability of care
- Commitment
parenting emergent adults (18-29 yrs)
- Child or adult?
- Parents tend to remain highly involved
- Can be beneficial b/c: offer practical advice, emotional and financial support
patterns of parenting to emergent adults
1) Uninvolved of neglectful style
2) Controlling-indulgent style
3) Authoritarian style
4) Suggests this is indicative of something going wrong in parent-child dynamic
child abductions
by stranger: 2400/ yr
by fam: 354,000/yr
annual incidence of maltreatment
- 1.25 million children
- prevalence rates depend on source of sample
- no clear understanding on what’s really going on
- neglect:50%
- phys: 35%
- emo/sex: 10%
commission
- threat
- putting something that doesn’t belong in child’s environment
- phy abuse
omission
- deprivation
- taking away something that belongs in kids’ environment
- neglect
phys abuse
- Most extensively studied
- Easier to view
- Injury to child (commission)
- Parents are perpetrators of physical abuse about 80.3% of the time
causes of phys abuse
- Often overreaction to mundane event
a) Not preplanned - Sometimes unintentional (e.g. shaken baby syndrome)
consequences of phys abuse
- Physical- obviously
- Emotional
a) Low self esteem
b) Insecure attachments
c) Limitations in controlling emotions
d) Also parents experience this same issue - Cognitive (e.g. poor school performance
- Behavioral- Internalizing & Externalizing problems
risk factors for phys abuse: child characteristics
- young age
- difficult temperament
- handicap
- illness
risk factors for phys abuse: parent characteristics
- hyperactive
- attachment probs
- childhood trauma
- emotional probs
- mental illness
- reliance on corporal punishment
- sociocog deficits
- substance abuse probs
risk factors for phys abuse: context characteristics
- partner violence
- isolation/ little support
- poverty
- overall high stress environs
model of phys child abuse
- risks
a) cultural
b) situational
c) parental
d) child - relationship
a) inept parenting
b) presence of partner violence - child behav probs
- neg parent/child interacts
- child abuse
what do we know about problem children
they’re likely a biproduct of what’s already going on in the home and that can trigger parents to be harsher with them
neglect
- multiple forms
- physical: not enough food on table
- medical
- emotional
- educational
a) in US can go to jail if kid isnt enrolled in school
causes of neglect
- parents’ own dev hist
a) unusual beliefs of parents (exposed to abuse/ attachment probs) - poor psychological functioning
- lack of coping/ resources (logistic/phys)
- poverty (logistic/ phys)
neglect emo/psych
- hospitalism
- harry harlow
- romanian kids
hospitalism (Rene Spitz, 1945)
- i. Def: wasting disease characterized by retarded physical development and disruption of perceptual-motor skills and language due to lack of social contact
- Those kept in hospitals were faring worse
- Stereotypy: repetitive, physical behavior that serves no purpose
- They found stereotypy, retarded physical development (shriveled up in physical growth), disruption of physical motor skills and language
- Were doing much worse b/c we NEED psychological and physical support for our physical health
koala care
WE MUST HAVE CONTACT FOR OUR SURVIVAL
- skin to skin on chest for sick baby and hour a day just so baby can get better
- doesn’t haveta be with the mom
- fact: helps NICU babies get better!
Harlow
- Lack of attachment early in life has long term draw backs in terms of people’s social interactions
- Infants prioritized nurture and attachment even over food
- When infant is raised alone without any mother at all
a) The orphan stays alone, won’t even go to cloth mother when frightens
b) Retreats into his own world
c) And or death
surrogate vs typically raised monkeys
- Much more timid
- Wouldn’t know how to act around other monkeys growing up
- Easily bullied wouldn’t stand up for self
- Had difficulty with mating
- Females were inadequate mothers
Romanian kids in reference to neglect
- Characterized by insensitive care
a) regimented daily schedule (diaper change 4-6 hr shifts)
b) completely non individualized
c) no responses to distress (room becomes silent)
d) social isolation: higher ratio of children to caregivers
e) lack of psych investment
f) rotating shifts
outcomes of Romanian orphans study in reference to neglect
1) Disturbances in ability:
a) to behave socially
b) to attach
c) externalizing issues (ADHD, Conduct Disorder, oppositional defiance disorder)
d) inc risk of internalizing (anxiety, depress)
e) severe IQ deficit
f) syndrome mimicking autism like in monkeys
g) stunted phys growth
h) poor lang skills
Charles Nelson
- the one who came up with the foster care experiment with Romanian orphans
- those randomly assigned to foster are still did better than not
biological consequences of neglect
- lack of appropriate stimulation
- inc stress react in brain
a) cortisol - amygdala
a) much larger in children who are abused
why is there inc cortisol in brain of abused?
- They recognize that they are in a very dangerous situation
a) No one is taking care of or looking out for me
b) Brain attempts to compensate by accelerating developmental process
c) their brains look older than someone who hasn’t experienced this b/c we’re built to try to compensate for this - COMES AT A COST
a) Body allocates itself to resources which are most important
b) Growing to be big and strong are less of a priority then
amygdala
part of brain that helps you be aware of fearful and threatening stimuli
sexual abuse def
either sexual act between a child and a sig older individual or a forced sexual behavior imposed by an adult
sex abuse characteristics
- Some abuse is non contact
- Range of contact from touching to intercourse
- Gendered: 90% of victims are girls; 90% of perpetrators are men
- Perpetrators are usually known to victim (most frequently a family member)
a) usually extended fam
sex abuse perpetrator characteristics
- Was abused as a child
- Psychopathology, substance abuse, deviant sexual interests
- Deficits in social skills, martial dissatisfaction, cog distortions
sex abuse victim consequences
- PTSD
- Emotional probs (anxiety/ depression)
- Eating problems, indiscriminate sexual behavior, substance abuse
- Sexually abused children are more likely to have sex at a younger age
a) Sends a biological signal to the body saying hey it’s time for this
b) Body tries to compensate for fact that you’re exposed to this so girls go through puberty at earlier age and have sex earlier - Dissociative identity disorder in extreme cases
parents role in recovery of child from sex abuse
- Believe in your child’s disclosure!!!!!!
a) It isnt just that it won’t happen again makes it good enough - Protect child from perpetrator
- Obtain therapy
a) CBT - Minimize child’s cognitive distortions (e.g. self-blame, guilt)
a) DON’T LET THEM BLAME THEMSELVES OR FEEL GUILTY
b) UNABLE TO RECOGNIZE IT ISN’T THEIR FAULT
why can’t kids who have undergone sex abuse realize it isn’t their fault without help?
- a) B/c Egocentrism: children believe they’re more responsible for what’s going on around them than they really are.
- b/c Sexual abuse can potentially be pleasurable for person being abused which becomes very confusing to the child
a) b/c at some point they may have even willingly gone along with this
Psychological maltreatment of children
- Language or actions that injure child’s developing self concept and feelings of self worth
- Repeated pattern of behavior or extreme incident(s) that covey message child is worthless, unloved, or only has value in meeting another’s needs
a. Partly falls into neglect b/c depriving child of encouragement praise needed at a very young age - Difficult to document, study, and prosecute
- Other titles to describe this maltreatment: emotional abuse, verbal abuse, mental deprivation
degrading
- type of psych abuse
- labeling as inferior, shaming, or publicly humiliating
- e.g. name calling
denying reponsiveness
- type of psych abuse
- being detatched or uninvolved
- e.g. ignoring or failing to respond to child’s need to interact
rejecting
- type of psych abuse
- refusing bids for contact/affection
- e.g. avoiding, criticizing or expressing hatred for child
terrorizing
- type of psych abuse
- verbally assaulting, creating a climate of fear
- threatening injury or abandonment
isolating
- type of psych abuse
- cutting off normal social exp
- e.g. refusing to allow peer contact
corrupting
- type of psych abuse
- teaching socially deviant behavior
- e.g. promoting delinquency, racism or sub abuse
exploiting
- type of psych abuse
- using the child inappropriately for parent’s needs
- e.g. using child to make money/ child labor or prostitution
causes of psych abuse to kids
- unwanted or disliked kids
- deviant belief system
- abused as child
- lack empathy
- stressed
- emo probs
- poverty
a) All about shame
b) All the reasons you aren’t good enough are about you not because of a bad choice
consequences of psych abuse to kids
- Attacks child’s basic developmental needs
- Suffer from low self esteem
- Emo probs
- Behav probs
- Health and cog deficits
a) cause it’s like having no parents at all
co-occurring maltreatment
- not just one kid
2. median rate of poly victimization 38.7%
ACE (adverse childhood exp) Study
- psych prob of what patients had exp led to study
- pop: upper middle class white ppl
- explored abuse, household challenges, neglect
Health Correlates ACE Study
- obesity
- diabetes
- depression
- suicide attempts
- STDs
- heart disease
- cancer
- stroke
- COPD
- Broken Bones
Behavior Correlates ACE Study
- smoking
- alcoholism
- drug use
life potential Correlates ACE Study
- grad rates
- academic achievement
- lost time from work
life expectancy ACE study
ppl with 6+ ACES died nearly 20 yrs earlier on ave
ACE Study model for early death/ mech by which adverse childhood exp influence health/well-being through lifespan
- Exp event
- changes in brain
- social emotional and cog impairments (not functioning typically)
- adoption of health-risky behavs (checking out from problems/ coping strategies) 5. risky behavs leads to disease, disability and social probs
- early death
is rate of maltreatment across time and country changing?
- more than 3.4 mil reports of possible maltreat/yr
- med docs getting involved; inc of ACE surveys/sheets
- stable over last 7 yrs though
- inc rates of child fatality actually
protecting maltreated children
Send to foster system
motivations to foster:
a) helping a child
b) service to community
c) income
challenges of fostering
a) Forming attachment with damaged children
b) Dealing with child maltreatment system
c) High rate of role termination (30-50%)
child advocacy centers
- newer model of helping child survivors
- done in a child friendly setting
- one person conducting interview
- multidisciplinary team works together at center
- > 700 in US
- no data on results
costs of child maltreatment
- Mental, social, physical health costs
- Financial costs
a) Nonfatal child maltreatment is estimated to be $210,012 per case - Individual/ community/ long-term care
Reducing cost of child maltreatment
- early treatment, family systems theory, attachment theory, intervention for perpetrating parents
- Interventions for perpetrating parents
what is culture?
- shared values, customs, traditions
- what determines which culture?
a) geographical location
b) race
c) ethnicity
cultural influences on parenting
- Include phys and social environment
- Customs of child rearing/ care
- Parent’s psychology: about what’s important in terms of parenting
individualist
eople more likely to have an independent view of themselves (they see themselves as separate from others, define themselves based on their personal traits, and see their characteristics as relatively stable and unchanging). -> west
Collectivist:
people more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves (they see themselves as connected to others, define themselves in terms of relationships with others, and see their characteristics as more likely to change across different contexts). -> east
Individualism
- Lots of face-to-face exchanges that help to promote understanding of contingencies with babies
a) You have a causal role in the world - Parents very involved in toy play and helping children interact with objects
- Infants’ rudimentary sense of independence is promoted by exp such as being watched by babysitters, sleeping apart from parent, and attending infant day care
a) at six weeks common to send babies to their own room
Collectivism
1) Close body contact with multiple caregivers
2) Child care occurs in the midst of other activities
3) Children begin to learn about themselves as coagents (joint partners) along with their caregivers rather than being the single causal actor
Infant rearing practices in the Efe tribe in Africa
1) Cries answered in 10 seconds
2) Babies passed among non parental adults ave of 8x per hour
3) Nursed by multiple women
4) Young infants w/mom ~50% of time including sleep
Ramification for attachment in Efe tribe
- Many babies (~80% of infants) securely attached
2. In US rate is ~60%!!
why are they better attached that US babies?
- > Carpenter vs gardener
1) Individualism: carpenter
2) Collectivism: gardener
a) And scientific research supports the gardener one more
Discipline
- punishment varies globally (within/between countries)
- Correlation: parents from low SES communities/ countries with less education are more likely to engage in harsh discipline
3) harsh parenting linked to probs in children - neg effects moderated by child’s perceptions of normativeness and practice
why do parents from low ses use more corporal punishment?
1) Because that form of discipline got them to where they are now
2) Overall understanding of what’s important in society
high ses parenting
- Job reward: responsibility, self direction, initiative, independence
- Parents value: autonomy, responsibility, creativity
Low SES parenting
- Job reward: compliance, rule-following
2. Parents value: obedience, self-control, getting along with others
Minority Groups
- US is highly diverse and made up of all kinds of minorities
- Researchers adopted deficit model
- Ethnic and minority families experience life diff than do white majority
Latino/ hispanic americans
- 16.9% of US pop
- Heterogeneous: many nationalities, old and recent immigrants; varied parenting practices
- inconsistent findings
Latino/ hispanic americans Values:
- Respect for adults
2. Importance of family
African Americans
- 13.1% of US population
- African American mothers most likely to adapt authoritarian style “No nonsense” parenting
- Conflicting evidence regarding reliance on physical punishment
- Race socialization
- fathers not seen as around
No Nonsense parenting
i. Probably cause of how they face stresses in US- may be adaptive
Asian Americans
- 5.1% of US pop
- diverse group
- model minority
values, expectations and practices centered around importance of education, hard work, family loyalty, conformity and social harmony - higher rates of MH probs as well correlated with everything in pt 3
model minority
seen as model minority due to focus on academic achievement and career success
Native Americans
- 6% of population
2. legacy of historical trauma
current native american problems
- Poverty/unemployment
- Alcohol abuse
- Higher rates of IPV
- Higher rates of Gambling
- Higher rates of delinquency and suicide
a) Positive parent-child relationship can be protective
religion and parenting
- 80% claim a religious affiliation
- 78% in US consider themselves Christians
- 90% of married couples want their children to have some religious training
Correlates of parental religion
1) Religious mothers and fathers are warmer
2) Neg assoc b/w religiosity and authoritarian parenting in moms
3) Higher rates of breastfeeding
a) All positive
Corporal punishment and Christianity
Extremism isnt good in anything ever specially religion
take aways from class
- notion of moderation in parenting
- be a gardener
- be sensitive to child’s needs
