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Psych 188b: Dynamics of Parenting > exam #2 > Flashcards

exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transition to parenthood

A
  1. newborns require constant care
  2. many adjustments are required
  3. decline in martial satisfaction common
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2
Q

adjustments required in transition to parenthood

A
  1. daily schedules
  2. work schedules
    a) 6 weeks of partial paid leave
    b) 1-2 wks paternal leave if lucky
    c) sometimes additional time off w/o pay
  3. personal identity
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3
Q

decline in martial satisfaction common with kid

1. for various reasons

A

a) lack of intimacy
b) primary role mom/dad
c) lots of stress
2. but it declines as we age anyway so who cares
3. worse for moms than dads
a) based on parental involvement

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4
Q

parental involvement

A
  1. affected by motivation, skills, self-confidence and the marital relationship
  2. dad’s feel insecure about their connection to baby
    (moms may feel also but they have to be primary parent at beginning so no choice)
  3. some moms are “gatekeepers” and reluctant to let hubbies engage in childcare
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5
Q

parenting the newborn Klaus and Kennel (1972)

A
  1. no evidence of immediate “bond”
    a) not imprinting
    b) golden hour is for health not imprinting
  2. parents must become proficient at tasks of feeding, clothing, diapering, comforting and stimulating
  3. developing sensitivity to newborn is importnat
    a) i.e. babies do have different cries
    b) mothers who can tell diff cries are the best
    c) this involves quick, dependable and successful responses to infant’s needs/ distress
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6
Q

benefits of breastfeeding

A
  1. protects body against infectious disease
  2. decreases likelihood of developing diabetes, obesity or asthma
  3. it’s free
  4. releases oxytocin and prolactin in mother
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7
Q

downside of breastfeeding

A

really hard on mom

  • cracked boobs
  • demands high
  • stressful and anxiety provoking to first time moms
  • gets in the way of working
  • etc.
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8
Q

breastfeeding facts

A
  1. although breast is best feeding is better
  2. 77% of moms start it right after birth
    a) adols, Af Ams and low SES moms least likely to try
  3. feeding must occur every 1-2 hrs
  4. milk production: amt of supply is related to amt of demand
    a) there must be pumping/sucking to have enough supply
  5. after 6 mons only 49% of moms still at it; after 12 mons only 27%
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9
Q

challenges of breastfeeding

A
  1. difficulty establishing a latch
    a) depends on nipple and mouth sizes
  2. insufficient supply of milk
  3. pain
  4. mastitis (clog in duct leads to infection)
  5. too time consuming/ inconvenient
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10
Q

PPD and Psychosis

A
  1. depression occurs in 12-40% of new moms
    a) rates higher in moms of unintended kids
  2. PPD: it lasts longer than 2 wks and are characterized by various sympts of depression
    a) lack of motivation, anhedonia and psychomotor retardation
  3. risk remains stable up to 1 yr after birth
  4. dangerous to mom and baby
  5. postpartum psychosis: rare but most dangerous
    a) mother loses it and tries to harm/ kill baby
  6. support groups and antidepressants effective
    a) chem rxn in brain that stops you enjoying kid
    b) if you start antidepressants you’ll haveta give up breastfeeding
    c) heart defects most common risk of antidepressants when preg
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11
Q

infant mortality

A
  1. dramatically lower than prev centuries
  2. rate in us varies by ethnic/racial group
    a) Af Am wom: 13.3/ 1000 live births
    b) hispanic wom: 4.6/1000 live births
  3. 50 countries lower rate than us
  4. mortality due to:
    a) poverty
    b) lack of prenatal care
    c) edu deficit
    d) lack of screening infants for health probs
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12
Q

7 (preventable) deadly diseases

A
  1. polio
  2. measles
  3. tetanus
  4. diphtheria
  5. pertussis/whooping cough
  6. Heaomophilus influenza type b
  7. Hep B
    - > saves lives and costs to society
    - > all immunizations are only given to 68-81% of kids BY CHOICE
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13
Q

vaccines don’t cause autism

A
  1. wakefield et al., 1998 (MMR-> autism)
    a) uncontrolled
    b) funded by lawyers against vaccine manufacturers
    c) retracted in 2010
    d) data falsified
  2. Thimersoal Controversy, 1999
    a) mercury based preservative
    b) no evidence
    c) removed from vaccines in 2001
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14
Q

Bradley’s (220) first task

A
  1. keep your infants healthy!
  2. appropriate nutrition breastfeeding
  3. adequate sleep (only for baby)
  4. well-baby visits and immunizations (often)
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15
Q

daily routines, sleeping, crying

A
  1. newborns sleep ~16-17 hrs/ day
  2. decreases from 65 to 57% over first year
  3. moms don’t get sleep
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16
Q

fussing and crying

A
  1. peaks at 6 wks (2hrs/day)
  2. colic: when baby cries more than ave and you dunno why
  3. usually related to gastrointestinal distress
    likely to result in shaken baby syndrome
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17
Q

shaken baby syndrome

A
  1. violent shaking or shaking and impacting of the head of an infant/small cihld
  2. ~1300 cases/ yr in US
  3. ~80% long term disability; ~25% death
  4. leading cause of phy child abuse death in US
  5. period of purple crying
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18
Q

brain development

A
  1. triples in size during first 5 yrs
  2. grows from 1/4-3/4 of adult brain weight
  3. key processes:
    a) neurogenesis (in womb)
    b) synaptic pruning
    c) myelination
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19
Q

promoting healthy brain and cog dev

A
  1. appropriate levels of stimulation
    a) no over enrich environs
    b) breastfeed for 1st yr
    c) engage in happy loving interactions
    d) avoid conflicts
    e) introduce variety in daily experiences
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20
Q

purple crying

A
  1. peak of crying
  2. unexpected
  3. resists soothing
  4. pain-like face
  5. long lasting
  6. evening
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21
Q

nurturant caregiving actions

A
  1. soothing
  2. feeding
  3. sheltering
  4. bathing
  5. protecting
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22
Q

origins of social interactions

A
  1. turn-taking
  2. synchrony
  3. reciprocity
  4. complementarity
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23
Q

synchrony

A
  1. taking on AFFECT of baby
  2. when baby cries, mom frowns
  3. beginning of empathy
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24
Q

reciprocity

A
  1. recognizing cries

2. baby learns mom’s voice``

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25
Q

complimentarity

A

complimentary actions are taking place

e.g. if baby is crying it’s taken care of

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26
Q

“good enough” parenting

A

a parent who is 70% successful is beneficial to the child b/c they learn that things won’t always be perfect
a) less than this is insecure attachment

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27
Q

infant temperament

A
  1. competing views
  2. physiological diff in reactivity, attention and emotionality
  3. affects parents and quality of parenting (P C)
  4. goodness of fit: PARENT MUST ADAPT TO CHILD
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28
Q

Role Sharing and Working Parents after 3 mons

A
  1. childcare: mom: 150, dad: 43
  2. pos engage: mom 82, dad: 59
  3. responsibility: mom: 39, dad: 29
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29
Q

Role Sharing and Working Parents after 9 mons

A
  1. childcare: mom: 108, dad: 43
  2. pos engage: mom: 106, dad: 73
  3. responsibility: mom: 36, dad: 23
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30
Q

maternal employment and infant wellbeing

A
  1. mothers employed in labor force in 59% fams
  2. US maternity leave short and often unpaid
  3. mothers: elevated stress, more depression and more health issues
  4. quality of parenting is not affected, but mom less likely to cont breastfeeding
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31
Q

infant care- center based

A
  1. day care
  2. higher quality > $16,400/yr
  3. in la: $1500-2000/mon
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32
Q

infant care- in home/ relative care

A
  1. high quality care provides socially and cog stimulating environ
  2. quality depends on adult to child ratio, care provider’s training and commitment, physical environment, cleanliness, and safety
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33
Q

intentional socialization toddlers

A
  1. teaching the skills, values and behaviors for competent functioning
  2. this is the age at whih children get lang and we can tell them to do stuffs
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34
Q

discipline

A
  1. starts intentional socialization
  2. age at which kids cant tell they are diff from us and we have our own goals
  3. kids at 8 mons are able to tell they aren’t mom (onset of stranger anxiety)
  4. discipline is training in order to act in accordance to the rules
  5. discipline is a range of techniques that change with child’s age and shift from physical to psychological control
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35
Q

at what age does onset of stranger anxiety occur?

A

8 months

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36
Q

effective discipline

A
  1. depends on multi vars

2. debated whether power assertion is needed

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37
Q

providing structure

A
  1. establishing routines habits: first 6 wks of freedom, then structure
  2. determining activities
    a) what do you do with your kid?
    b) kid’s job in life is to play
    c) not just adding child into your world although there’s lot of places it has to happen
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38
Q

setting limits- screen time limits

A
  1. until 2 yrs recommendation is no screen time
  2. at age 2 only 1 hr/day
  3. new study recently came out found it’s all overblown
    a) all effects can be attributed to qual of parenting
    b) older kids effects of SNS worse!
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39
Q

managing peer relationships

A
  1. on ave among a group of toddlers, a toddler gets hit 1x/ 13 mins
  2. ability to relate socially and inhibitory control is poor!!
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40
Q

babyproofing

A

if nothing else anchor your everything to the walls!!!

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41
Q

emotional regulation in toddlers

A
  1. toddlers are emotionally unstable
  2. temper tantrums
    a) dev appropriate; to an extent
    b) we can still help though
  3. can turn it on/off
  4. go from one extreme to the next
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42
Q

how parents teach emotional regulation

A
  1. modeling
  2. labeling: explain what it is
  3. teaching strategies
    a) e.g. cover your ears, take deep breaths
  4. manage the environment to limit distress to child
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43
Q

how parents promote cog dev directly

A
  1. provide objs for play
  2. read at bedtime
  3. talk!
    - > not more but better quality
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44
Q

gender ID

A

happens at preschool (age ~3-5 yrs)

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45
Q

parents’ socialization roles in gender

A

a) time at which gender ID becomes most salient
b) labeling/ teaching time
c) provide gendered clothing/ decorations
d) expectations/ perceptions
e) enforcing gender conformity

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46
Q

other influences on gender

A
  1. bio factors
  2. peer interactions
    a) children are most rigid in gender conformity ages ~3-5
    b) influence of media-> stereotyped everything!
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47
Q

gender “neutral” toys

A
  1. promote the most dev in these domains:
    a) phys
    b) cog
    c) academic
    d) music
    e) art
  2. just buy both versions
  3. directly related to lack on women in STEM
48
Q

autonomy

A
  1. very challenging and discipline is paramount here
  2. three-nagers
  3. need to give kids sense of control
  4. balancing control vs granting autonomy
    a) choice A or B
    b) ties into construct of parenting style: authoritative technique
49
Q

problem of overprotective parenting

A
  1. started with parents of millennials
  2. helicopter parenting issues
  3. disservice to kids
50
Q

goal of parenting

A

teaching the skills, values and behavior for competent functioning

51
Q

emotional regulation and self control is lacking b/c…

A
  1. lacking b/c of protracted dev of PFC
  2. at birth, visual cortex is shaky and then it gets huge before pruning
  3. PFC burst doesn’t happen until 2-4 years after and pruning in adulthood
52
Q

emotional regulation and self control: caregiver role

A
  1. about the ability to control and regulate one’s emotions
  2. caregiver’s role:
    a) modeling
    b) direct instruction
    c) reaction/ discussion of emotion
53
Q

emotional regulation and self control: fam characteristics

A
  1. quality of attachment relationships, marital relationship, parenting style
  2. effortful control: marshmallow task; harder with low SES
  3. worst outcome we see is in unpredictable parenting (consistently inconsistent)
54
Q

corporal punishment

A
  1. coercive discipline: use of punishment to force a certain response/behavior
  2. advocates of spanking: often religious leaders
  3. review done of effects of spanking (Gershoff, 2002)
    a) comprehensive review of 88 studies
    b) evaluated 11 diff dev outcomes of spaking
    c) only pos thing was immediate compliance
    d) neg effects
    i. less moral internalization
    ii. aggression inc
    iii. inc in delinquent behavior
    iv. dec in mental health
    v. inc likelihood of phys abuse
55
Q

Positive discpline

A
  1. pos parenting
  2. component of attachment parenting
  3. focus on cooperative relationship between parent and child
    a) cooperative relationship orientation: Baumrind’s parenting styles
    b) collaboration process: we’re both individuals but we both disagree on how to act so let’s come to an understandings
    e. g. you did bad thingy so what should we do about it?
56
Q

middle childhood

A
  1. from 6/7 to 11/12

2. moment of reprieve in parenting cycle

57
Q

middle childhood expectations

A
  1. continued socializing including
    a) self-care/ independence
    b) household rules
    c) manners/ politeness
    d) prosocial behavior
    e) curtailing aggression
  2. cooperative parent-child relationship
    a) most cooperative time
    b) child sees parents as wonderful still
  3. period of much greater independence- transition to outside world
58
Q

birth order

A
  1. by time kid is 5 likely to have sibling
  2. meager assoc with higher IQ
    a) explained by three methods: confluence, resource dissolution, born to rebel
59
Q

confluence

A
  1. zajonc
  2. children learn through the imparting of info from more knowledgeable others
  3. older kids reinforce this when they’re teaching younger kids
  4. older siblings have more opportunities than younger to reinforce
60
Q

resource dissolution

A
  1. with each child that joins the fam there are less resources
  2. less time to teach + more financial issues
61
Q

born to rebel

A
  1. sulloway
  2. the more children there are in the house, the more likely there’s an evo drive to exist that leads younger to be more creative thinkers
  3. suggests testing IQ wrong
62
Q

siblings

A
  1. role of temperament influences fighting within siblings

2. sibling rivalry

63
Q

sibling rivalry

A
  1. evo view: scarce resources aka parents’ attention
  2. dev appropriate
  3. conflict (how parents deal with it)
    a) parental control (warn to stop)
    b) child centered (help kids express feelings)
    c) passive nonintervention (let them kill each other)
64
Q

father involvement

A

think diff b/w mom and dad with twins + water melon hemorrhage story

65
Q

types of dad involvement

A
  1. uninterested and unavailable
  2. trad dad (1950s dad)
  3. assistant parent (mom’s helper): more common in WEIRD pop
  4. co-parent, equal to mom
  5. primary care parents
66
Q

involvement of dad is multidimensional

A
  1. not accounted for: how often and in what ways dad is involved
  2. what do they look like and quality of interactions
  3. regardless fo quality involvement pos assoc with better cog perform and self-competence IF IT’S NOT ABUSE
67
Q

fathers differ from moms in how they interact

A
  1. spend more time playing with kids than mom
  2. father-son interact diff from father daughter interact
    a) dads spend more time with male kids
    b) child effects (aka selection effects for boys)
68
Q

changes in dad’s role overtime

A
  1. 50 yrs ago: financial support/ disciplinarian

2. now: financial support, nurturing, involved, equal parenting responsibility

69
Q

discipline changes in middle childhood

A
  1. less spanks
  2. focus on internalization (2 step model)
    a) understand parental standards/expectations
    b) do what the standards say to
    - > parents obligated to designate discipline otherwise
  3. pos synchrony linked to relationship quality
  4. importance of monitoring:
    a) parents charged with keeping tabs of kids at this age since they have more autonomy
70
Q

marital conflict

A
  1. adding kids adds to it
  2. kids neg effected by conflict
  3. “safe” if characterized by mutual respect and pos communication
  4. keep in mind “good enough” parenting and don’t try to hide it; you’ll fail
71
Q

mechanisms by which kids are neg effected by marital conflict

A
  1. modeling of neg behavior
    a) lowered adult maturity
    b) going at it
  2. sense of security threatened
    a) large proponent of secure attachment: feeling safe in your own home
  3. protective factors:
    a) conflict resolution
    b) conflict is free of yelling, intense anger, verbal/ phy aggression, threats, withdrawal and child blaming
72
Q

marital dissolution and aftermath

A
  1. divorce: 50% involve kids
    a) most kids (90%) stay with mom
    b) half of divorced individuals remarry within 4 yrs
73
Q

changes accompanying divorce

A
  1. place of residence
  2. daily routine
  3. schools/peers
  4. finances
  5. parenting and relationship with parents
74
Q

factors that influence how child responds to divorce

A
  1. child age
    a) very young or adolescence better than middle childhood
  2. gender
    a) boys at larger disadvantage b/c lose male role model and closer to dads
  3. stress and acrimony b/w parents
    a) worse things were at home -> less neg effects
  4. 20-25% of kids having high behav probs when from divorced homes
  5. remarriage
  6. resilience of child
75
Q

peers

A
  1. Become inc important in middle school

2. Relationships are qualitatively different than those with parents (horizontal vs vertical)

76
Q

parent roles in peer -relation process

A
  1. evidence: parents should have a relatively high involvement in middle childhood
  2. social broker: organize play dates
  3. gatekeeper: maybe we won’t have katie over anymore
  4. police officer: intervening between conflicts
  5. social coach: improving quality of interactions
    a) monitoring peer relations is important
77
Q

physical aggression/ bullying

A

more likely perpetrated by boys

78
Q

relational

A
  1. spreading lies about a girl/boy to humiliate

2. more likely perpetrated by girls

79
Q

bullying participants

A
  1. victims (30.9%)
  2. bullies (7.4%)
  3. bully/victim (most probs)
80
Q

parenting practices matter

A
  1. victims and bully/victims are more likely to be exposed to neg parenting
  2. high parental involvement, support, supervision, good communication and having a warm and loving relationship are protective factors against bullying
    a) strong relationship with child can serve to protect the child from ever being a victim
81
Q

school

A
  1. belies (expectations)
  2. behavior (monitoring)
  3. age at which you establish all academic good habits
  4. strong foundation; good habits
  5. school involvement:
    a) monitoring the child
    b) more parents are involved with hwk/ more poor child does in school
    c) creating pos peer network
    d) involv w/ school
    tell kid that they’ve worked hard for grade not that they’re smart
    e) dont overdo praise
82
Q

electronic media

A
  1. decide when and where
  2. co-view with the child
  3. establish rules
  4. recommendation: no more than 2 hrs of quality tv / day
83
Q

sports

A
  1. can be really positive
  2. majority of middle school kids play sports
  3. generally good
    a) inc likelihood of child-well being
    b) dec likelihood of probs
  4. only see neg effects of child involve of sports
    a) detrimental when parents push too hard that’s it
    b) advice given: experts require 10,000 hrs
84
Q

Developmental changes in adolescents

A
  1. physical and hormonal
  2. neuro and cog
  3. social
85
Q

8 common probs for adols and parents

A
  1. auto accidents
  2. sexual initiation
  3. pregnancies
  4. electronic media
  5. eating problems
  6. substance use/abuse
  7. school dropouts
  8. mental health problems
86
Q

puberty

A
  1. menarche for girls
  2. 1800s ave is 15
  3. since then 12 on ave
  4. partly influenced by body weight
87
Q

consequences of girls who experience puberty early

A
  1. negative
  2. made fun of, picked on, greater fat
  3. look older and are treated older
  4. asynchrony issues
88
Q

consequences of boys early onset of puberty

A
  1. all good
  2. healthier for boys in all realms
  3. instead of parents wanting to protect they’re given more responsibility and treated in ways that they can excel
89
Q

PFC responsible for

A
  1. sound decision making
  2. empathy
  3. consider consequences of actions
  4. regulating emotions
  5. self awareness
  6. morality
90
Q

PFC in adols

A
  1. non existent
  2. doesn’t fully dev until age 25
  3. all skills in this dept are lacking
91
Q

Ventral Striatum (VS)

A
  1. reward system
  2. planning
  3. decision making
  4. motivation
  5. pleasure
  6. regulated by dopamine
  7. functionality peaks in adolescence
92
Q

perfect storm

A
  1. dec self control
  2. inc sensitivity to pleasure
  3. evolutionarily you are able to procreate so you are separating form parent
  4. more likely to explore environment and try new things
93
Q

social changes

A
  1. much of elective time spent with peers not family
  2. creating emotional distance from parents
    a) dev appropriate
    b) necessarily to facilitate competent adults
94
Q

Driving Study part 1

A
  1. peer influence -> poor decision making
  2. get from point A to B as fast as you can
  3. make choice between possibly getting into accident if you run yellow or not running yellow
    a) alone: no diff based on age
    b) peer: adols made exponentially more risky decisions
  4. correlated w/ number of crashes seen (most adols + peers)
95
Q

Driving Study part 2

A
  1. found that friends trigger reward circuitry in VS
  2. when by self VS activity was low
  3. adols + peer -> more dopamine
  4. adols don’t engage regulatory PFC circuitry like adults do
    a) adults access it more when peers are there
    b) ADOLS DONT USE REGARDLESS OF WHO IS THERE
96
Q

peers and automobile accidents in adols

A
  1. 2700 deaths
  2. 282,000 nonfatal injuries
  3. MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH FOR 16-19 YR OLDS
97
Q

sex initiation in adols

A
  1. by age 16, 33% teens are sexually active
  2. by age 19, 71% active
  3. consequences: mental health, STIs, pregs
98
Q

preg + adols

A
  1. 750,000 pregs for 15-19 yr olds
  2. dec probably due to inc access to contraceptives and cog exp in teens of wanting to delay
    a) cog exp brought about by shows like “16 and preg” and “teen moms”
99
Q

electronic media + adols

A
  1. less time spent on hwk or with friends
  2. watching 5+ hrs linked to early sex initiation and/or obesity
    a) basically social disfunction if left of electronic media too long
  3. social media
    a) THE REAL PROBLEM
100
Q

eating problems

A
  1. obesity (~32% of children overweight, ~17% obese; rate inc with age)
    a) not corr with self control
    b) corr with SES only
  2. anorexia nervosa/ bulimia nervosa
    a) comorbid with other disorders
    b) crop up in adols, primarily with girls
    c) anorexia: restrict food
    d) bulimia: binge/ purge
    e) MALADAPTIVE COPING DISORDERS
101
Q

substance use/abuse + adols

A
  1. cigs/ e-cigs
  2. alcohol
  3. illegal drugs
102
Q

school drop outs + adols

A
  1. 7% of teens drop out of HS
    a) racial disparity
  2. lower earning potential
  3. linked to drug use, crime, health probs
103
Q

mental health +adols

A
  1. 27% of youth 12-17 yrs receive treatment
  2. depression most common
  3. DSM V doesn’t account for it not being a black/white issue
104
Q

depression def

A
  1. sadness
  2. anergia (lack of energy)
  3. anhedonia (can’t feel pleasure)
  4. psycho motor retardation
    TRAJECTORY: SPIKES IN ADOLS
105
Q

VS- galvan et al., 2006

A
  1. looking at VS in adols when squirting sugar water into their mouths
  2. their VS flooded with dopamine
  3. coincides with time seeing depresion
106
Q

VS- fMRI emotionlss faces task

A
  1. see someone smile -> dopamine rush
  2. kids predisposed to depression vs not
  3. children: not sig up
    adols: yes sig up
    adols + dep: no activation or underactivation/deactivation
    *depression = stuff went wrong
107
Q

practical solutions for parents to help teens navigate adolescence

A
  1. no dropping out

2. reduce substance use/ abuse rates

108
Q

strongest predictor of student dropping out in high school

A
  1. attendance rates
  2. the yr before they drop and the yr they drop are strongest predictor
  3. only 23% of kids say their parents were aware of attendance in school
  4. top reasons for dropping out:
    a) missed too many days and couldn’t catch up
    b) had too much freedom and not enough rules in life
109
Q

how parents help with use/abuse of substances

A
  1. MJ: frequent users, experimenters or abstainers
    2, frequent users: maladjusted, interpersonal alienation, poor impulse control, emotional distress
  2. abstainers: anxious, emotionally constricted, lacking social skills
  3. experimenter: psychologically well-adjusted
    HOWEVER THIS IS ALL CORRELATED WITH PARENTING STYLES!!!
    a) user: permissive
    b) abstainer: authoritarian
    c) experimenter: authoritative
110
Q

broadly, how do adults help adols navigate adolescence?

A

balance of oversight and control with encouraging independence and responsibility

111
Q

authoritative parenting linked to:

A
  1. psychosocial maturity
  2. better grades
  3. fewer behavior problems
112
Q

four key parenting ingredients

A
  1. staying connected
    a) warm, loving, positive relationship (WLPR)
    b) involved, accepting, supportive, close, connected, caring (IASC3)
  2. maintaining open communication
    a) shame vs guilt
  3. monitoring/ knowledge about teens
    a) more monitoring -> fewer probs
  4. using appropriate control techniques
    a) trust and respect vs suspicion
    b) establishing clear boundaries/ limits
    c) age appropriate discipline
    i. ineffective: inconsistent, physical punishment attempt to psychologically manipulate
113
Q

shame vs guilt

A
  1. shame: i am bad
  2. guilt: i did something bad
  3. shame highly corr with all neg things particularly the ones we discussed with adols
  4. guilt inversely correlated with bad things
  5. shame needs secrecy, silence and judgement to grow AND shame dies with empathy
114
Q

limits on parental influence

A
  1. time at which parents start to let go
  2. parents can’t control outcomes
  3. parents just one potential influence
  4. carpenter vs gardener
115
Q

other influences (non parent) on adols

A
  1. characteristics of teens (temperament/ IQ)
  2. circumstances (peer group, neighborhood)
  3. genetic susceptibility (predispositions)
  4. exposure to life experiences (adversities)
116
Q

carpenter vs gardener

A
  1. carpenter: measurements, blue prints and tools -> everything under parental control
  2. gardener: cultivate best possible environment but other influences exist, i’ll adjust as i go
    a) level of stress experienced by parent/child is sig higher if carpenter mentality in parents than gardener mentality
117
Q

parenting discipline mistakes

A

a) reinforcing wrong behaviors
b) forget to reward pos behavs
c) overreact
d) give long verbal explanations
e) get involved in coercive cycles

Psych 188b: Dynamics of Parenting (4 decks)

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