Exam 1 Study Guide first time Flashcards
PROBABLY NOT GOOD ENOUGH
St. Augustine
Original Sin
Martin Luther
patriarchy
John Calvin
Education and discipline
wesley
four principles:
- establishing habits
- developing morals
- discipline
- encouraging religious beliefsspock
Aristotle
blank slates
john lock
tabula rassa
treat as min adults
rousseau
born innocent
holt
importance of breast feeding
spock
trust your gut
Theory
A collection of observations that has led us to a set of concepts/propositions that helps us to organize, describe and predict behavior
Lay Beliefs and Parental Behavior
Theories about child rearing help us understand parenting and prescribe the ways in which parents should behave.
Freud:
Stage Theorist (5 stages)
- Oral (birth to 12 months)
- Anal (12 month to 3 year stage)
- Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs)
- Latency (6-12 years old)
- Genital Stage (12+)
Attachment Theory
- (Freud) The HEART OF ATTACHMENT THEORY: First to identify that there’s a realtionship between early life experience and later developmental outcomes.
- Harry Harlow’s work
- Main idea of attachment theory: Love is paramount in appropriate and typical development
- Mary Ainsworth (Bowlby’s student)
- ->strange situation
strange situation
- securely attached
- insecurely attached
- > anxious avoidant (clingy)
- > anxious resistant (ambivalent)
- > disorganized
Sensitive parenting
at minimum, the parent responds promptly and appropriately as well as is available to help calm a distressed infant and help/ him self-regulate.
Secure
- using mom as secure base
- Secure: my needs will be known and met, I will be attuned to and emotionally regulated and I can freely explore my environment safely.
- When mom is in new environment, they wanna check it out but they keep going back to their mom
- Want child to be eager to explore independently but also to keep checking in
- Notices when mom leaves and protests
- When mom returns infant goes straight to mom and then returns to play
Anxious avoidant
- Doesn’t use mom as secure base
- Isn’t upset when mom leaves
- Ignores care giver
- Either approach or ignore the mom when she returns
- Unique from anxious resistant because of lack of protest when mom leaves!
Anxious resistant (ambivalent)
- Doesn’t use mom as secure base
- When caregiver departs is extremely upset and can’t be comforted
- When mom comes back is like “whatever, forget you”
Disorganized
The most damaging form of parenting is not consistently bad parenting, it’s unpredictable parenting!
Insecure
Insecure: emotional needs won’t be met, hold tightly to whatever you get (anxious resistant) or repress emotions, forget you, don’t need it any way (anxious avoidant)
Classical Conditioning:
Watson and Pavlov: Classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior merely by the process of association
1) Unconditioned stimulus: you will react naturally to something
2) Conditioned Stimulus: what you introduce and pair with the unconditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning
REINFORCEMENT OR PUNISHMENT
Reinforcement:
something to increase the probability the event to happen again
Punishment:
something that will decrease probability that event will occur again
Positive:
just means adding something to the environment
Negative:
just means removing something from the environment
Evolutionary theory
According to the concepts of natural selection: not all individuals have the same chances for survival in a particular environment.
-survival of the fittest
Behavioral Genetics Theory
- Understanding unique contributions of both genetic inheritance and the environment
- Focuses on genetic inheritance and environmental contributions to behavior or particular characteristics
Gene X Environment Interaction
Passive: parent’s genetic make up influences
Active: kid’s genetic make up influences
Evocative: the kid acts a certain way so the parents react to it
Ecological Systems Theory
-Urie
-Individual: sex, age, health, temperament
-Mesosystem: interconnection between microsystem and individual
-Exosystem: context of what’s happening in terms of media/ social services/ laws in place
-Macrosystem (grandest scale)
Attitudes and ideology of the culture in which the person lives
-Chronosystem: refers to how nested systems of interactions influence future behavior as well as change as the child gets older
Social cognitive theory:
- emphasizes the cognitive and information-process capacities of individuals who mediate their social behavior
- Bandura
- Bobo Dolls
- Modeling
Parent Child Coercive Cycles
-Parents need to carefully think about what issues are important enough to have conflict over, recognize when the conflict is escalating and terminate an escalation (i.e. everyone take five) before the situation gets outta control
Social relational theory
- > Traditional View: Parent -> Child
- > Transactional Effects: two ways
Parental Role Theory
- > Concerns roles: expectations, behaviors, rights, and obligations of the parent
- > Role conflict: occurs when an individual experiences conflict between the roles of two different statuses
- Role Strain: Tension on the individual because roles should have same status
Vygotsky’s Theory
- Zone of proximal development: social influence of how a child is taught is paramount on child’s development
- > Parent’s job is to create scaffolding
Self-Determination Theory
- Basic Needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness
- Focuses on agency of child: parents, according to this theory, need to be involved, provide structure, and support the child’s developing autonomy
Family Systems Theory
- Posits that multi-generational patterns of family interaction, assigned roles within the family, social triangulation and the tendency for all emotional systems to seek and maintain homeostasis function to affect behavior and emotional health.
- Relationships among all members of the family must be recognized!!!
- > second order effects
- > co parenting
second order effects
-parenting changes in front of your partner
coparenting
-both parents working together rather than dad talking shit about mom or vice versa
Emotional Security Theory
- Focuses on children’s perceptions of and exposure to parental conflict
- > Internalizing and externalizing behaviors develop in response to parental conflict
- ->Infrequent exposure to marital discord -> secure
- ->Exposure to frequent marital discord -> insecure
Piaget’s Stage Theory
- sensorimotor (birth - 2 yrs)
- preoperational (2-7)
- concrete operational (7-12)
- formal operational (12+)
Ercikson
- basic trust/mistrust: infancy
- autonomy/shame: 1-3 yrs
- initiative/guilt: 4-5
- industry/inferiority: 6yr-puberty
- ID/role confusion: adolescence
- intimacy/isolation: early adulthood
- generativity/ stagnation: middle adulthood
- ego integrity/ despair: late adulthood
Hospitalism (Rene Spitz, 1945)
wasting disease characterized by retarded physical development and disruption of perceptual-motor skills and language due to lack of social contact
Stereotypy:
repetitive, physical behavior that serves no purpose
Romanian Kids
- Incentivized families to have as many kids as possible by removing and taxing access to birth control so the dude in charge could have a weird army
Charles Nelson
(Harvard Researcher) went to orphanages to start collecting data
- foster care vs. orphanages
- use foster cares
Animal Studies
- What happens at the beginning of life which is impactful and significant in terms of importance of parents
- conrad lorenz with geese
- harlow
How Influential are parents
- Testing delayed gratification
- > Marshmallow Task
- Competence: ability to make use of the environmental/personal resources to achieve positive personal development
Parenting styles established by Baumrind
a. Permissive: high in warmth, very little control/demand
b. Authoritative: high in warmth and control/demand; best
c. Authoritarian: high in control/demand, low in warmth
d. Neglectful later added: low in warmth and e. Caveats:
i. What about bidirectional effects?
ii. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES:
Specific Parenting Behaviors
- Vocal stimulation
- Encouragement of emotional expressiveness
- Support, Infrequent Punishment, Assigning Chores
- Appropriate levels of involvement
- Behavioral Control
- Empathic Responsiveness
- Warmth
- Effective Problem solving
- Monitoring
- Flexibility
Goodness of fit:
how well do parent and child fit together in terms of personality, disposition, parenting style vs receptivity of child
New model
- Establishing Trajectories: Create pathways for child’s development based on parental long-term goals
- Cocooning strategies: seen in religious/conservative homes
Typical Goals of Parents
- survive
- be obedient
- follow family routines
- display proper manners
- be socially competent
- do well in school
- respect parents, elders, property, culture/tradition
- be loyal to family
- be independent
- be happy
- be moral person
- be economically self sufficient/ good job
Mediating
- Pre-arming Mediation
- Concurrent Mediation
- Debriefing
Modifying Speed of Trajectories:
- acceleration
- deceleration
