exam 1, psych 188b again Flashcards
socialization:
the processes involved in teaching children skills, behaviors, values and motivations necessary for competent functioning in a culture including:
- competency
- gender development
- emotional regulation
- academic success
- religious beliefs
competency
what we really want our children to have
1) Aries’ thesis “Centuries of childhood”
a) Beliefs about children change over time
2) Middle ages: adult-centered view
a) Children are just little grown ups
b) Childhood not seen as a unique developmental period
3) Late 16th century: child-centered view appeared
Childhood as a distinct period of life
St Augustine (354-430 CE)
a) Original sin: Adam and Eve
b) “No man is clean of sin, not even the infant who has lived but a day upon earth”
2) Martin Luther (1483-2546 CE)
a) Patriarchal: fathers should be the authority and moral guide for the household
b) “when a father washes diapers and performs some other menial task for his child, and someone ridicules him as an effeminate fool… God with all his angels and creatures is smiling”
3) John Calvin (1509-1564 CE)
a) Education and discipline
b) Admonitions would save children from their sinful ways
i) Admonition done gently, gentle telling off
4) John Wesley (1703-1791)
a) Four principles:
i) Establishing habits (i.e. routines right from birth)
ii) Developing Morals
iii) Discipline (e.g. spanking, shaming, etc.)
iv) Encouraging religious beliefs
Aristotle (384-322 BCE):
blank tablets
John Locke (1632-1704)
Some Thoughts Concerning Education
a) “The sooner you treat him as a man, the sooner he will begin to be one.” (p. 72)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778):
a) “Children are born innocent and amoral; it is society that corrupts them.” (p. 56)
Antiquated Pediatric Treatments
a) For good health:
i) Give infants warm baths and diluted wine (Hippocrates, 460-370 BCE)
b) To soothe teething:
i) Smear the infant’s gums with hare’s brains (Oribasius, 325-403 CE)
c) For crying infants:
i) Give them a drink of “quietness”: boiled- down extract of black poppies or poppy seeds (1520-20th century)
2) Luther Emmett Holt (1855-1924):
a) The Care and Feeding of Children, 1894
i) Recognized the importance of breastfeeding
ii) “Babies under six months should never be played with; and the less of it [play] at any age the better for the infant… They are made more nervous and irritable, sleep badly, and suffer from indigestion and cease to gain weight.” (p. 201)
Koala/ kangaroo care:
prescribed for sick infants period of time where baby is placed on another person’s skin cause it heals them somehow but we don’t know how or why
Golden Hour:
the first hour after the child is born it is placed directly on the mother’s chest
3) Benjamin Spock (1903-1998)
a) The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, 1946
i) The Bible of child rearing
1. “You know more than you think you do.” (p. 3)
1) Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
a) Questionnaires
i) Looking for concrete, empirical examination
b) Favored punishment – “We need less sentimentality and more spanking.” (Cable, 1972, p. 172)
John B. Watson
a) “Father of Behaviorism”
i) Little Albert
1. Shows how intensely parents can effect their children
IV. Social and Political Forces
b. Industrial evolution:
i. No more child labor
c. Children’s Rights
i. Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
1) Recognition of children’s rights
a) Separate from parental rights
Expert Advice
Experts do not agree
Early Landmark Studies
i. Baldwin, Kalhorn, & Breese (1945)
Sears, Maccoby, & Levin (1957)
iii. Baumrind (1971)
Baldwin, Kalhorn, & Breese (1945)
Parents who were democratic in childrearing styles had the most competent children
a) NOT DEMOCRATS!
b) Having a bi directional relationship: compromise/figuring it out together
Respecting children’s autonomy and things
Sears, Maccoby, & Levin (1957)
1) Maternal practices vary widely
iii. Baumrind (1971)
The typology of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting was established.
What’s a theory?
a. A collection of observations that has led us to a set of concepts/propositions that helps us to organize, describe and predict behavior
purpose of a theory
to organize the way we interpret the world and make predictions of behaviors
attributes of a theory
i. Provide meaningful explanations/predictions of behavior
ii. Open to scientific evaluation if not sci testing
iii. Stimulate new thinking
iv. Can be applied to real world
lay beliefs
a. Theories about child rearing help us understand parenting and prescribe the ways in which parents should behave.
Freud
- oral (birth to 12 mons)
- anal (1-3 yrs)
- phallic stage (3-6 yrs)
- latency (6-12 yrs)
- genital stage (12+ yrs)
attachment theory
1) Understanding how love between a parent and child develops and affects development is the focus of attachment theory. This theory has roots in Freudian ideas, evolutionary views, and empirical research in to the mother-child bond in rhesus monkeys conducted by Harry Harlow but focuses on ontogeny. Main Researchers: Bowlby and Ainsworth.
a) Attachment theory has to do with novelty seeking (crawling around and playing with objects cause they feel secure) and proximity seeking (when upset, distressed or fearful they will retreat to the protective arms of a parent).
2) Attachment Parenting (Positive or Negative)
3) Controversial
4) Idea developed by Bowlby based on Freud’s theory on evolutionary views and Harlow’s monkey experiments
(Freud) The HEART OF ATTACHMENT THEORY: First to identify that there’s a realtionship between early life experience and later developmental outcomes. RECOGNIZED AROUND THE 1950S
◊ Main idea of attachment theory: Love is paramount in appropriate and typical development
Altricial Species:
they give parental care
A. Expectation that the parent will be there to take care of you
B. Large component of attachment theory: importance of caregiver being there
Harry Harlow
monkeys
a) Exploring the significance of the relationship between love and warmth that’s obtained by the parents
Ainsworth Strange Situation- Secure Children
ii) Securely attached children
A. Not okay when left with stranger because STRANGER ANXIETY
Mom as a secure base:
Ainsworth Strange Situation- Anxious avoidant
-rejects
1. Doesn’t use mom as secure base
2. Isn’t upset when mom leaves
3. Ignores care giver
4. Either approach or ignore the mom when she returns
Unique from anxious resistant because of lack of protest when mom leaves!
Ainsworth Strange Situation- anxious resistant
- ambivalent
1. Doesn’t use mom as secure base
2. When caregiver departs is extremely upset and can’t be comforted
i) In example was comforted by other caregiver but not by mom
3. When mom comes back is like “whatever, forget you”
i) Didn’t go straight to parent, wants them to hold but is also resisting the touch
Ainsworth strange situation- disorganized
- seen with abuse
1. Form of insecure attachment where you don’t see rhyme or reason
2. Secure, anxious resistant, anxious avoidant behaviors
3. Abusive parent, substance abuse problems with parents, etc.
4. The most damaging form of parenting is not consistently bad parenting, it’s unpredictable parenting!
Strange Situation Steps
i) Mother and Child (under age 3)
A. Leave parent and child alone in the room (double sided mirror)
B. Stranger enters, talks with parent, approaches child and parent leaves
1. Seeing how child responds to presence of parent alone, when stranger is present and then when it’s just stranger
C. Parent returns
1. What is child’s response when parent returns and stranger leaves
D. Child totally alone
E. Stranger comes back again
F. Parent comes back and stranger leaves
Freud’s influence with attachment theory:
-internal working models
First attachment you have is with your parents!
We develop psychological ideas about how the world works
Secure: my needs will be known and met, I will be attuned to and emotionally regulated and I can freely explore my environment safely.
ii) Insecure: emotional needs won’t be met, hold tightly to whatever you get (anxious resistant) or repress emotions, forget you, don’t need it any way (anxious avoidant)
John Watson:
Father of Behaviorism
4) Extreme view of the role of the environment 5) Key learning mechanisms: classical conditioning a) Idea that you can teach/train a child to act in any way based on physical environment b) Can apply to numerous domains
Classical Conditioning Review
1) Unconditioned stimulus: you will react naturally to something (UCS=alarm)
2) Conditioned Stimulus: what you introduce and pair with the unconditioned stimulus (CS=startle)
3) With enough repetition you remove unconditioned altogether and it’ll elicit the startle
a) UCS (alarm) -> UCR (startle)
b) CS (marshmallow) + UCS (alarm) -> UCR (startle)
BF Skinner
1) Advocated use of Operant Conditioning (only worry about consequence and outcome)
2) At the heart of this analysis is that behavior can be modified by its consequences
3) There’s a bidirectional (dynamic) aspect of something as simple as reinforcement of behavior
a) Reinforcement may be social as well as material
b) Reinforcement: something to increase the probability the event to happen again
c) Punishment: something that will decrease probability that event will occur again
d) Positive: just means adding something to the environment
e) Negative: just means removing something from the environment
Reinforcement
something to increase the probability the event to happen again
