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Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

order of urine production

A

filtration&raquo_space; reabsorption&raquo_space; secretion

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2
Q

fraction of renal plasma flow that is filtered

10
20
30
40
50
A

20

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3
Q

substances with _____ charge will filter more readily in the glomerulus

A

positive

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4
Q

increase in arterial pressure results in _______ GFR

increased
decreased

A

increased

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5
Q

increase in afferent arteriolar resistance results in _______ GFR

increased
decreased

A

decreased

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6
Q

increase in efferent arteriolar resistance results in _______ GFR

increased
decreased

A

increased

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7
Q

strong sympathetic innervation results in _______ GFR

increased
decreased

A

decreased

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8
Q 
Released by damaged vascular
endothelial cells of the kidneys and
other tissues.
May contribute to renal
vasoconstriction leading to
reduced GFR
Norepinephrine and epinephrine 
Endothelin
Angiotensin II
Endothelial-derived NO
Prostaglandins and bradykinin
A

Endothelin

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9
Q 
Preferentially constricts efferent
arterioles
Formed usually in situations
associated with decreased arterial
pressure or volume depletion.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine 
Endothelin
Angiotensin II
Endothelial-derived NO
Prostaglandins and bradykinin
A

Angiotensin II

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10
Q

Angiotensin II affects the ______ arterioles

A

efferent

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11
Q

______ arterioles seem to be
protected against the effects of
angiotensin II.

A

afferent

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12
Q

normal GFR

18 L/day
58 L/day
100 L/day
180 L/day
230 L/day
A

180 L/day

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13
Q

Decreased GFR causes ______ in flow rate in the Loop of Henle and ______ in absorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the nephron

A

decreased

increased

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14
Q

nephrons regulate arterial pressure in the long term via:

a) secreting hormones and vasoactive factors such as renin
b) excreting variable amounts of sodium ion and water

A

excreting variable amounts of sodium ion and water

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15
Q

nephrons regulate arterial pressure in the short term via:

a) secreting hormones and vasoactive factors such as renin
b) excreting variable amounts of sodium ion and water

A

secreting hormones and vasoactive factors such as renin

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16
Q

the most widespread in renal tubules

aqp 1
aqp 2
aqp 3

A

aqp 1

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17
Q

present in apical membranes of collecting tubule cells
controlled by ADH

aqp 1
aqp 2
aqp 3

A

aqp 2

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18
Q

present in basolateral membranes of collecting tubule cells

aqp 1
aqp 2
aqp 3

A

aqp 3

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19
Q

sodium-glucose co-transporters exist on the brush border of _____ tubule cells

proximal
distal

A

proximal

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20
Q

reabsorbs 90% of glucose in early proximal tubule

SGLT 1
SGLT 2

A

SGLT 2

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21
Q

reabsorbs 10% of glucose in late proximal tubule

SGLT 1
SGLT 2

A

SGLT 1

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22
Q

high metabolic part of the kidney tubule with high levels of mitochondria
reabsorbs 65% of filtered sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and potassium
reabsorbs all filtered glucose and amino acids

loop of henle
distal tubule
proximal tubule
collecting duct
bowman's capsule
A

proximal tubule

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23
Q

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, water, glucose, and amino acids are all _________

A

reabsorbed into the blood

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24
Q

highly permeable to water and moderately permeable to most solutes, including urea and sodium

thin descending segment of Henle
thin ascending segment
thick ascending segment

A

thin descending segment of Henle

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25
Q

electrical potential of the cytoplasm of proximal tubule cells

-3 mV
0 mV
-70 mV
70 mV
3 mV
A

-70 mV

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26
Q

electrical potential of the lumen of the proximal tubule

-3 mV
0 mV
-70 mV
70 mV
3 mV
A

-3 mV

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27
Q

site of action of “loop” diuretics (furosemide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide)

thin descending segment
thin ascending segment
thick ascending segment

A

thick ascending segment

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28
Q

referred to as diluting segment. why?

proximal tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
Bowman's capsule
A

distal tubule

because it is impermeable to water and urea (these will stay in the tuble, diluting the urine)

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29
Q

reabsorb Na+ and water from the tubular lumen

principal cells
intercalated cells

A

principal cells

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30
Q

reabsorb K+ from tubular lumen

principal cells
intercalated cells

A

intercalated cells

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31
Q

secrete H+ into tubular lumen

principal cells
intercalated cells

A

intercalated cells

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32
Q

secretes K+ into tubular lumen

principal cells
intercalated cells

A

principal cells

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33
Q

uses Na+K+ATPase pumps

principal cells
intercalated cells

A

principal cells

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34
Q

primary site of K+ sparing diuretics (spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, triameterene)

principal cells
intercalated cells

A

principal cells

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35
Q

principal cells reabsorb ______ and secrete _______

potassium
chloride
hydrogen ions
sodium
bicarbonate
A

sodium // potassium

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36
Q

intercalated cells reabsorb ______ and secrete _______

potassium
chloride
hydrogen ions
sodium
bicarbonate
A

potassium and bicarbonate // hydrogen ions

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37
Q

permeability to water controlled by ADH
permeable to urea via urea transporters
capable of secreting large amounts of H+ ions against the concentration gradient

proximal tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
Bowman's capsule
A

collecting duct

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38
Q

aldosterone is secreted by the _______

adrenal cortex
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
cardiac atrial cells
parathyroid glands
A

adrenal cortex

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39
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by the _______

adrenal cortex
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
cardiac atrial cells
parathyroid glands
A

cardiac atrial cells

40
Q

PTH is secreted by the _______

adrenal cortex
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
cardiac atrial cells
parathyroid glands
A

parathyroid glands

41
Q

increases sodium reabsorption and stimulates potassium secretion

ADH
parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
angiotensin II
A

aldosterone

42
Q

increases sodium and water reabsorption
returns BP and extracellular volume toward normal

ADH
parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
angiotensin II
A

angiotensin II

43
Q

increases water reabsorption

ADH
parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
angiotensin II
A

ADH

44
Q

inhibits reabsorption of sodium and water

ADH
parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
angiotensin II
A

ANP

45
Q

increases calcium reabsorption

ADH
parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
angiotensin II
A

PTH

46
Q

aldosterone secretion is stimulated by _______ extracellular potassium or ______ levels of angiotensin II

A

increased // increased

47
Q

absence of _______ results in marked loss of sodium and accumulation of potassium

ADH
parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
angiotensin II
A

aldosterone

48
Q

stimulates aldosterone secretion
constricts efferent arterioles

ADH
parathyroid hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
angiotensin II
A

angiotensin II

49
Q

in the nephron, potassium reabsorption occurs in the

A

proximal tubule

ascending limb of Henle

50
Q

in the nephron, potassium secretion occurs in the

A

late distal tubule

early collecting duct

51
Q

potassium secretion by pprincipal cells is stimulated by _______ and _______

A

potassium concentration

aldosterone

52
Q

when _______ increases, potassium reabsorption ______

A

aldosterone

increases

53
Q

high sodium diet leads to _______ potassium excretion

A

unchanged

decreased aldosterone, but increased GFR and increased distal tubular flow rate

54
Q

less calcium is bound to the plasma proteins

acidosis
alkalosis

A

acidosis

55
Q

more calcium is bound to the plasma proteins

acidosis
alkalosis

A

alkalosis

56
Q

most calcium reabsorption occurs passively in the proximal tubule via the ______ route

paracellular
transcellular

A

paracelluar

57
Q

some calcium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via the

paracellular
transcellular

A

transcellular

58
Q

calcium absorption in the loop of Henle is restricted to the _____ limb

thin descending
thick descending
thin ascending
thick ascending

A

thick ascending

59
Q

calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule occurs almost entirely via _____ transport

active
passive
facilitated

A

active

60
Q

excess secretion of aldosterone

hypokalemia / addison’s disease
hyperkalemia / conn’s syndrome
hypokalemia / conn’s syndrome
hyperkalemia / addison’s disease

A

hypokalemia / conn’s syndrome

61
Q

deficiency in aldosterone secretion

hypokalemia / addison’s disease
hyperkalemia / conn’s syndrome
hypokalemia / conn’s syndrome
hyperkalemia / addison’s disease

A

hyperkalemia / addison’s disease

62
Q

located in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
A

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

63
Q

sets the basic rhythm of respiration
principal initiator of phrenic nerve activity
mainly associated with inspiration
establishes ramp signal

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

64
Q

the sensory termination of both the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

nucleus of the tractus solitarius

65
Q

the primary function of the _______ is to control the “switch-off” point of the inspiratory ramp

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)

66
Q

located in the superior pons

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)

67
Q

lesions of the ______ result in the loss of the ability to turn of inspiration

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)

68
Q

loss of function of ______ causes prolonged inspiratory gasping (apneuses)

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

apneustic center

69
Q

the rostral part of the VRG is the _____ and may be associated with coordinating VRG output

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

botzinger complex

70
Q

neurons of this group are almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

ventral respiratory group

71
Q

during increased pulmonary ventilation, respiratory signals spill over from the ______ into the _____ which then contributes to the increased respiratory drive

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

dorsal respiratory group

ventral respiratory group

72
Q

small area in the rostral part of the VRG
believed to be the site which generates the frequency of the respiratory

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

pre-botzinger complex

73
Q

inhibition of which structure would affect the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)
botzinger complex
pre-botzinger complex
apneustic center
nucleus of the tractus solitarius
A

dorsal respiratory group

74
Q

chemoreceptors ______ their rate of activity when hypoxia or hypercapnia occur

increase
decrease

A

increase

75
Q

located on the ventral surface of the medulla
especially sensitive to H+

central chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors

A

central chemoreceptors

76
Q

more sensitive to changes in O2 levels in the blood and less sensitive to changes in CO2 and H+ ions
some located in the aortic arch
most located in the carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the common carotids

central chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

77
Q

signals from these receptors terminate inspiration and prolong expiration
important in controlling respiration in infants and adult during exerise

slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
J receptors

A

slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

78
Q

sensitive to irritation, foreign bodies in airway and stretch
elicit cough

slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
J receptors

A

rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

79
Q

sensitive to pulmonary edema
stimulation elicits cough and tachypnea

slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
J receptors

A

J receptors

80
Q

T/F

the proximal tubule is permeable to water?

A

T

81
Q

T/F

the descending loop of Henle is permeable to water?

A

T

82
Q

T/F

the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water?

A

F

83
Q

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water except in the presence of ADH?

A

late DCT/collecting duct

84
Q

the thin ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs:

calcium
urea
sodium chloride
potassium

A

sodium chloride

85
Q

osmolarity is approx. _____ mOsm/L at the early distal tubular segment

50
100
200
300
400
A

100

86
Q

normal extracellular concentration of potassium ion in mEQ/L

A

4.2

87
Q

normal intracellular concentration of potassium ion in mEQ/L

A

140

88
Q

where does most bicarbonate reabsorption occur?

PCT
ascending loop
descending loop
DCT
collecting duct
A

PCT

89
Q

where does most hydrogen ion secretion occur?

PCT
ascending loop
descending loop
DCT
collecting duct
A

DCT (intercalated cells)

90
Q

lower limit of pH that can be achieved in normal kidneys?

  1. 4
  2. 5
  3. 6
  4. 7
A

4.5

91
Q

which these muscles is expiratory?

diaphragm
external intercostals
internal intercostals
sternomastoids
serratus anterior
A

internal intercostals

92
Q

500 ml at rest

tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume

A

tidal

93
Q

tidal volume?

500 ml
1100 ml
1200 ml
3000 ml

A

500ml

94
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

500 ml
1100 ml
1200 ml
3000 ml

A

1100

95
Q

expiratory reserve volume

500 ml
1100 ml
1200 ml
3000 ml

A

1200

96
Q

residual volume

500 ml
1100 ml
1200 ml
3000 ml

A

3000

Physiology (8 decks)

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