Exam 3 Flashcards by D'Angeleau L Newsome

order of urine production

filtration&raquo_space; reabsorption&raquo_space; secretion

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fraction of renal plasma flow that is filtered

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substances with _____ charge will filter more readily in the glomerulus

positive

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increase in arterial pressure results in _______ GFR

increased
decreased

increased

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increase in afferent arteriolar resistance results in _______ GFR

increased
decreased

decreased

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increase in efferent arteriolar resistance results in _______ GFR

increased
decreased

increased

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strong sympathetic innervation results in _______ GFR

increased
decreased

decreased

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Released by damaged vascular
endothelial cells of the kidneys and
other tissues.
May contribute to renal
vasoconstriction leading to
reduced GFR

Norepinephrine and epinephrine 
Endothelin
Angiotensin II
Endothelial-derived NO
Prostaglandins and bradykinin

Endothelin

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Preferentially constricts efferent
arterioles
Formed usually in situations
associated with decreased arterial
pressure or volume depletion.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine 
Endothelin
Angiotensin II
Endothelial-derived NO
Prostaglandins and bradykinin

Angiotensin II

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Angiotensin II affects the ______ arterioles

efferent

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______ arterioles seem to be
protected against the effects of
angiotensin II.

afferent

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normal GFR

18 L/day
58 L/day
100 L/day
180 L/day
230 L/day

180 L/day

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Decreased GFR causes ______ in flow rate in the Loop of Henle and ______ in absorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the nephron

decreased

increased

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nephrons regulate arterial pressure in the long term via:

a) secreting hormones and vasoactive factors such as renin
b) excreting variable amounts of sodium ion and water

excreting variable amounts of sodium ion and water

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nephrons regulate arterial pressure in the short term via:

a) secreting hormones and vasoactive factors such as renin
b) excreting variable amounts of sodium ion and water

secreting hormones and vasoactive factors such as renin

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the most widespread in renal tubules

aqp 1
aqp 2
aqp 3

aqp 1

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present in apical membranes of collecting tubule cells
controlled by ADH

aqp 1
aqp 2
aqp 3

aqp 2

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present in basolateral membranes of collecting tubule cells

aqp 1
aqp 2
aqp 3

aqp 3

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sodium-glucose co-transporters exist on the brush border of _____ tubule cells

proximal
distal

proximal

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reabsorbs 90% of glucose in early proximal tubule

SGLT 1
SGLT 2

SGLT 2

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reabsorbs 10% of glucose in late proximal tubule

SGLT 1
SGLT 2

SGLT 1

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high metabolic part of the kidney tubule with high levels of mitochondria
reabsorbs 65% of filtered sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and potassium
reabsorbs all filtered glucose and amino acids

loop of henle
distal tubule
proximal tubule
collecting duct
bowman's capsule

proximal tubule

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sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, potassium, water, glucose, and amino acids are all _________

reabsorbed into the blood

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highly permeable to water and moderately permeable to most solutes, including urea and sodium

thin descending segment of Henle
thin ascending segment
thick ascending segment

thin descending segment of Henle

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electrical potential of the cytoplasm of proximal tubule cells ``` -3 mV 0 mV -70 mV 70 mV 3 mV ```

-70 mV

electrical potential of the lumen of the proximal tubule ``` -3 mV 0 mV -70 mV 70 mV 3 mV ```

-3 mV

site of action of "loop" diuretics (furosemide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide) thin descending segment thin ascending segment thick ascending segment

thick ascending segment

referred to as diluting segment. why? ``` proximal tubule loop of Henle distal tubule collecting duct Bowman's capsule ```

distal tubule | because it is impermeable to water and urea (these will stay in the tuble, diluting the urine)

reabsorb Na+ and water from the tubular lumen principal cells intercalated cells

principal cells

reabsorb K+ from tubular lumen principal cells intercalated cells

intercalated cells

secrete H+ into tubular lumen principal cells intercalated cells

intercalated cells

secretes K+ into tubular lumen principal cells intercalated cells

principal cells

uses Na+K+ATPase pumps principal cells intercalated cells

principal cells

primary site of K+ sparing diuretics (spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, triameterene) principal cells intercalated cells

principal cells

principal cells reabsorb ______ and secrete _______ ``` potassium chloride hydrogen ions sodium bicarbonate ```

sodium // potassium

intercalated cells reabsorb ______ and secrete _______ ``` potassium chloride hydrogen ions sodium bicarbonate ```

potassium and bicarbonate // hydrogen ions

permeability to water controlled by ADH permeable to urea via urea transporters capable of secreting large amounts of H+ ions against the concentration gradient ``` proximal tubule loop of Henle distal tubule collecting duct Bowman's capsule ```

collecting duct

aldosterone is secreted by the _______ ``` adrenal cortex anterior pituitary posterior pituitary cardiac atrial cells parathyroid glands ```

adrenal cortex

atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted by the _______ ``` adrenal cortex anterior pituitary posterior pituitary cardiac atrial cells parathyroid glands ```

cardiac atrial cells

PTH is secreted by the _______ ``` adrenal cortex anterior pituitary posterior pituitary cardiac atrial cells parathyroid glands ```

parathyroid glands

increases sodium reabsorption and stimulates potassium secretion ``` ADH parathyroid hormone aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II ```

aldosterone

increases sodium and water reabsorption returns BP and extracellular volume toward normal ``` ADH parathyroid hormone aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II ```

angiotensin II

increases water reabsorption ``` ADH parathyroid hormone aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II ```

ADH

inhibits reabsorption of sodium and water ``` ADH parathyroid hormone aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II ```

ANP

increases calcium reabsorption ``` ADH parathyroid hormone aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II ```

PTH

aldosterone secretion is stimulated by _______ extracellular potassium or ______ levels of angiotensin II

increased // increased

absence of _______ results in marked loss of sodium and accumulation of potassium ``` ADH parathyroid hormone aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II ```

aldosterone

stimulates aldosterone secretion constricts efferent arterioles ``` ADH parathyroid hormone aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide angiotensin II ```

angiotensin II

in the nephron, potassium reabsorption occurs in the

proximal tubule | ascending limb of Henle

in the nephron, potassium secretion occurs in the

late distal tubule | early collecting duct

potassium secretion by pprincipal cells is stimulated by _______ and _______

potassium concentration | aldosterone

when _______ increases, potassium reabsorption ______

aldosterone | increases

high sodium diet leads to _______ potassium excretion

unchanged | decreased aldosterone, but increased GFR and increased distal tubular flow rate

less calcium is bound to the plasma proteins acidosis alkalosis

acidosis

more calcium is bound to the plasma proteins acidosis alkalosis

alkalosis

most calcium reabsorption occurs passively in the proximal tubule via the ______ route paracellular transcellular

paracelluar

some calcium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via the paracellular transcellular

transcellular

calcium absorption in the loop of Henle is restricted to the _____ limb thin descending thick descending thin ascending thick ascending

thick ascending

calcium reabsorption in the distal tubule occurs almost entirely via _____ transport active passive facilitated

active

excess secretion of aldosterone hypokalemia / addison's disease hyperkalemia / conn's syndrome hypokalemia / conn's syndrome hyperkalemia / addison's disease

hypokalemia / conn's syndrome

deficiency in aldosterone secretion hypokalemia / addison's disease hyperkalemia / conn's syndrome hypokalemia / conn's syndrome hyperkalemia / addison's disease

hyperkalemia / addison's disease

located in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center ```

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

sets the basic rhythm of respiration principal initiator of phrenic nerve activity mainly associated with inspiration establishes ramp signal ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

the sensory termination of both the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

nucleus of the tractus solitarius

the primary function of the _______ is to control the "switch-off" point of the inspiratory ramp ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)

located in the superior pons ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)

lesions of the ______ result in the loss of the ability to turn of inspiration ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center)

loss of function of ______ causes prolonged inspiratory gasping (apneuses) ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

apneustic center

the rostral part of the VRG is the _____ and may be associated with coordinating VRG output ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

botzinger complex

neurons of this group are almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

ventral respiratory group

during increased pulmonary ventilation, respiratory signals spill over from the ______ into the _____ which then contributes to the increased respiratory drive ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

dorsal respiratory group | ventral respiratory group

small area in the rostral part of the VRG believed to be the site which generates the frequency of the respiratory ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

pre-botzinger complex

inhibition of which structure would affect the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex ``` dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pontine respiratory group (pneumotaxic center) botzinger complex pre-botzinger complex apneustic center nucleus of the tractus solitarius ```

dorsal respiratory group

chemoreceptors ______ their rate of activity when hypoxia or hypercapnia occur increase decrease

increase

located on the ventral surface of the medulla especially sensitive to H+ central chemoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors

central chemoreceptors

more sensitive to changes in O2 levels in the blood and less sensitive to changes in CO2 and H+ ions some located in the aortic arch most located in the carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the common carotids central chemoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors

peripheral chemoreceptors

signals from these receptors terminate inspiration and prolong expiration important in controlling respiration in infants and adult during exerise slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors J receptors

slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

sensitive to irritation, foreign bodies in airway and stretch elicit cough slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors J receptors

rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

sensitive to pulmonary edema stimulation elicits cough and tachypnea slow-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors rapidly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptors J receptors

J receptors

T/F the proximal tubule is permeable to water?

T/F the descending loop of Henle is permeable to water?

T/F the ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water?

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water except in the presence of ADH?

late DCT/collecting duct

the thin ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs: calcium urea sodium chloride potassium

sodium chloride

osmolarity is approx. _____ mOsm/L at the early distal tubular segment ``` 50 100 200 300 400 ```

100

normal extracellular concentration of potassium ion in mEQ/L

4.2

normal intracellular concentration of potassium ion in mEQ/L

140

where does most bicarbonate reabsorption occur? ``` PCT ascending loop descending loop DCT collecting duct ```

PCT

where does most hydrogen ion secretion occur? ``` PCT ascending loop descending loop DCT collecting duct ```

DCT (intercalated cells)

lower limit of pH that can be achieved in normal kidneys? 3. 4 4. 5 5. 6 6. 7

4.5

which these muscles is expiratory? ``` diaphragm external intercostals internal intercostals sternomastoids serratus anterior ```

internal intercostals

500 ml at rest tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume

tidal

tidal volume? 500 ml 1100 ml 1200 ml 3000 ml

500ml

inspiratory reserve volume 500 ml 1100 ml 1200 ml 3000 ml

1100

expiratory reserve volume 500 ml 1100 ml 1200 ml 3000 ml

1200

residual volume 500 ml 1100 ml 1200 ml 3000 ml

3000