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Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

calculate stroke volume:

A

EDV - ESV

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2
Q

circular situation in which the information about the status of something is continually reported to a central control region

A

feedback system

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3
Q

how to calculate gain?

A

corrected / uncorrected

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4
Q

additional electrical spikes increases the total amount of calcium ion in the cytosol and increases muscle tension
each addition spike adds to the effects of the previous spikes

summation
tetany

A

summation

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5
Q

which anion is most abundant in the extracellular fluid?

sodium
potassium
chloride

A

chloride

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6
Q

actin and myosin filaments

muscle
fascicle
myofiber
myofibril
myofilament
A

myofilament

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7
Q

inactivate acetylcholinesterase

neostigmine 
methacholine
carbachol
physostigmine
curare
diisopropyl fluorophosphates
nicotine
A

neostigmine
physostigmine
diisopropylfluorophosphates

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8
Q

heart moves toward spastic contraction

A

excess of calcium

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9
Q

length of this period determines the maximum frequency of action potentials

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

A

absolute refractory period

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10
Q

period during which a second action potential cannot be elicited no matter how strong the stimulus

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

A

absolute refractory period

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11
Q

prevents passage of impulses from nerve ending into muscle

neostigmine 
methacholine
carbachol
physostigmine
curare
diisopropyl fluorophosphates
nicotine
A

curare

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12
Q

load the muscle works against

A

aftrerload

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13
Q

period during which most fast sodium ion channels are either open or in the inactivated state

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

A

absolute refractory period

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14
Q

maintains muscle tone

load on muscle while relaxed

A

preload

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15
Q

additional electrical spikes increases the total amount of calcium ion in the cytosol and increases muscle tension
each addition spike adds to the effects of the previous spikes

summation
tetany

A

summation

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16
Q

why do smaller nerves slow velocity of nerve action potentials?

A

smaller diameter = increased resistance

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17
Q

list the events of the cardiac cycle in the correct order

rapid inflow
ejection
diastasis
atrial systole
isovolumic contraction
isovolumic relaxation
A 
atrial systole
isovolumic contraction
ejection
isovolumic relaxation
rapid inflow
diastasis

all ice cubes eventually ignore really rapid dogs

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18
Q

Which wave of the ECG correlates with ventricular contraction?

T
R
S
P
Q
A

R

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19
Q

maintains an optimum calcium concentration gradient to facilitate return of calcium to SR

A

calsequestrin

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20
Q

resting potential for a neuron?

A

-90

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21
Q

have the same effect on muscle fibers as acetylcholine but not broken down by acetylcholinesterase

neostigmine 
methacholine
carbachol
physostigmine
curare
diisopropyl fluorophosphates
nicotine
A

methacholine
carbachol
nicotine

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22
Q

a chain of sarcomeres

muscle
fascicle
myofiber
myofibril
myofilament
A

myofibril

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23
Q

resistance (outforce) is in the middle
both in and out forces are on the same side of the fulcrum
ex raising the body on the ball of the foot

first class
second class
third class
A

second class

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24
Q

at rest: 70mL

EDV
SV
ESV
EF

A

SV

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25
Q

Which wave of the ECG correlates with atrial contraction?

T
R
S
P
Q
A

p

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26
Q

threshold of an SA node fiber:

50mV
-85 mV to -90mV
-40mV
-55 mV
-55 to -60 mV
90mV
A

-40 mV

27
Q

which cation is most abundant in the intracellular fluid

sodium
potassium
chloride

A

potassium

28
Q

fulcrum in the middle
in-force and out-force move in opposite directions
ex. raising chin using sternocleidomastoids or similar muscles

first class
second class
third class
A

first class

29
Q

proteins bound for lysosomes or for secretion are synthesized on _______

mitochondria
SER
lysosomes
golgi
RER
ribosomes
A

RER

30
Q

effort (in-force) is in the middle
both forces move in the same direction
ex. lifting a weight in the palm of your hand

first class
second class
third class
A

third class

31
Q

in SA node, sodium-calcium channels activate at:

50mV
-85 mV to -90mV
-40mV
-55 mV
-55 to -60 mV
90mV
A

-40 mV

32
Q

at rest: 110-120mL
can be increased to 150-180 mL

EDV
SV
ESV
EF

A

EDV

33
Q 
utilizes pyruvic acid
can only occur in the mitochondria
requires oxygen as the final electron receptor
produces CO2 and water
relatively more ATP production
A

Kreb’s & ETC

34
Q

Stroke volume can be increased by which of the following mechanisms?

decreasing EDV
increasing EDV
increasing ESV
decreasing ESV

A

increasing EDV
OR
decreasing ESV

35
Q

why do action potentials typically travel in the orthodromic direction?

A

refractory period prevents depolarization of recently repolarized cells

36
Q

mechanism for this is elevated potassium conductance

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

A

relative refractory period

37
Q

in ventricular fibers, calcium can be reabsorbed/sequestered by two different methods:

A

SERCA in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

sodium-calcium exchanger

38
Q

ventricular fiber resting potential

50mV
-85 mV to -90mV
-40mV
-55 mV
-55 to -60 mV
90mV
A

-85 mV to -90mV

39
Q

bundle of myofibers

muscle
fascicle
myofiber
myofibril
myofilament
A

fascicle

40
Q

in the SA node, inactivation gates close when membrane potential is less negative than:

50mV
-85 mV to -90mV
-40mV
-55 mV
-55 to -60 mV
90mV
A

-55 mV

41
Q

uses ATP to pump calcium back into SR

A

SERCA

42
Q

heart becomes dilated and flaccid

heart rate slows

A

excess of potassium

43
Q

why does myelination increase velocity of nerve action potentials?

A

capacitance/saltatory conduction

44
Q

which cation is most abundant in the extracellular fluid?

sodium
potassium
chloride

A

sodium

45
Q

period during which a stronger than normal stimulus can cause an action potential

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

A

relative refractory period

46
Q

calculate ejection fraction:

A

SV / EDV

47
Q

resting potential of SA node fiber:

50mV
-85 mV to -90mV
-40mV
-55 mV
-55 to -60 mV
90mV
A

-55 to -60 mV

48
Q

conductance of which of the following ions is responsible for phase 0 of ventricular cardiomyocyte action potentials?

calcium
potassium
sodium
calcium and potassium

A

calcium and potassium

49
Q

calculate ejection fraction:

A

(EDV - ESV) / EDV

50
Q

what happens to the heart with an excess of potassium?

A

it becomes dilated and flaccid
heart rate slows
decreased action potential

51
Q

at rest: 40-50mL
can be as little as 10-120mL

EDV
SV
ESV
EF

A

ESV

52
Q

occurs in the cytoplasm of all cell
anaerobic
produces pyruvic (lactic) acid and a relatively small amount of ATP
involves electron transfer between cytochromes

A

glycolysis

53
Q

a change in a parameter that causes a response that results in a return of that parameter to baseline
reverses the direction of the initial condition
diminishes original change
stabilizes

A

negative feedback loop

54
Q

which of the following motions and ions is responsible for phase 3 of ventricular cardiomyocyte action potentials?

influx of calcium
efflux of potassium
influx of potassium
efflux of calcium
influx of sodium
efflux of sodium
A

efflux of potassium

55
Q

contains relatively far fewer calcium-induced calcium release channels

cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle

A

cardiac muscle

56
Q

what happens to the heart with an excess of calcium?

A

moves toward spastic contraction

57
Q

proteins bound for the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, or to other cell membranes are synthesized on:

mitochondria
SER
lysosomes
golgi

A

ribosomes

58
Q

cause spasms

neostigmine 
methacholine
carbachol
physostigmine
curare
diisopropyl fluorophosphates
nicotine
A 
neostigmine 
carbachol
nicotine
physostigmine
neostigmine 
diisopropyl fluorophosphates
59
Q

plays a role in packaging proteins for secrection
forms lysosomes
modifies proteins from the RER

mitochondria
SER
lysosomes
golgi
ribosomes
A

golgi

60
Q

a change in a parameter that inspires an increased response
increases original change
destabilizing and can lead to runaway effects

A

positive feedback loop

61
Q

bundle of fascicles

muscle
fascicle
myofiber
myofibril
myofilament
A

muscle

62
Q

at rest: 70/110 = 64%

EDV
SV
ESV
EF

A

EF

63
Q

individual multinucleated muscle cell

muscle
fascicle
myofiber
myofibril
myofilament
A

myofiber

64
Q

if the frequency of electrical spikes is fast enough, there is no time for relaxation between spikes
the muscle remains at maximal contraction

summation
tetany

A

tetany

Physiology (8 decks)

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